1. Graham H and Kelly MP. Health inequalities: concepts, frameworks and policy. Briefing paper. London: Health development Agency, 2004. Available from: www.dha.nhs.uk
2. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2039.0 Information paper: socioeconomic indexes for areas, Australia 2001. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2003. Available from: http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCatalogue/84D68D8D34DEECBACA2571800020DA7F?OpenDocument
3. Adhikari P. 1351.0.55.015 Research paper: socio-economic indexes for areas: introduction, use and future directions. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006. Available from: http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1351.0.55.015Sep%202006?OpenDocument
4. The World Bank Group. Social capital implementation framework. Washington DC: World Bank, 2008, Last modified January 2008 viewed February 2008. Available from: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/EXTTSOCIALCAPITAL/0,,contentMDK:20461319~isCURL:Y~menuPK:418218~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:401015,00.html
5. Berkman L and Glass T. Social integration, social networks, social supports and health, in Berkman, L. and I. Kawachi, Editors, Social Epidemiology, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000; 137–73.
6. Secretary of State for Health. The NHS plan, A plan for investment, a plan for reform. London: Presented to Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, 2000.
7. Louis G. Surveillance recommendations for developing effective tobacco prevention and control interventions for low-SES populations. Health Promotion Pract 2008;Online first:February 25 doi 1177/1524839906298500.
8. Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy. Australian National Tobacco Strategy 2004–2009. Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 2005. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/phd-pub-tobacco-tobccstrat2-cnt.htm
9. Julia Gillard MP Deputy Federal Labor Leader and Shadow Minister for Employment and Industrial Relations and Shadow Minister for Social Inclusion and Senator Penny Wong Shadow Minister for Workforce Participation. An Australian Social Inclusion agenda: ELECTION 2007. 2007. Available from: http://www.alp.org.au/download/now/071122_social_inclusion.pdf
10. National Health Priority Action Council (NHPAC). National Chronic Diseases Strategy. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2006. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/7E7E9140A3D3A3BCCA257140007AB32B/$File/stratal3.pdf
11. Boyd M. Reducing health inequalities. Melbourne: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, 2007.
12. VicHealth. VicHealth position statement on health inequalities. Melbourne: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, 2005.
13. Fagan P, Moolchan ET, Lawrence D, Fernander A and Ponder P. Identifying health disparities across the tobacco spectrum. Addiction. 2007;102:5–29.
14. Kawachi I, Subramanian SV and Almeida-Filho N. A glossary of health inequalities. J Epidemiol and Community Health. 2002;56:647–52.
15. Graham H. Tackling inequalities in health in England: Remedying health disadvantages, narrowing health gaps or reducing health gradients. Journal of Social Policy. 2004;33:115–31.
16. Mackenbach J and Kunst AE. Measuring the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health: and overview of available measures illustrated with two examples from Europe. Social Science and Medicine. 1997;44:757–71.
17. Adhikari P and Summerill A. 1998 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 6, cat. no. PHE 27. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 1999. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/6243
18. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2001 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. AIHW cat. no. PHE 41. Drug statistics series No. 11. Canberra: AIHW 2002. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/8227
19. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2004—detailed findings AIWH cat. no. PHE 66. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2005. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10190
20. Gray N and Hill D. Patterns of tobacco smoking in Australia. Med J Aust. 1975;22:81922. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=1207580&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum
21. Gray N and Hill D. Patterns of Smoking in Australia II. Med J Aust. 1977;20:329–30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=927253&query_hl=12&itool=pubmed_docsum
22. Hill D and Gray N. Patterns of tobacco smoking in Australia. Med J Aust. 1982;1:23–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=927253&query_hl=12&itool=pubmed_docsum
23. Hill D and Gray N. Australian patterns of smoking and related health beliefs in 1983. Community Health Stud. 1984;8:307–16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=6518750&query_hl=15&itool=pubmed_docsum
24. Hill D. Australian patterns of tobacco smoking in 1986. Med J Aust. 1988;149:6–10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=pubmed
25. Hill D, White V and Gray N. Australian patterns of tobacco smoking in 1989. Med J Aust. 1991;154:797–801. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=Search&DB=pubmed
26. Hill D and White V. Australian adult smoking prevalence in 1992. Aust J Public Health. 1995;19:305–8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=Search&DB=pubmed
27. Hill DJ, White VM and Scollo MM. Smoking behaviours of Australian adults in 1995: trends and concerns. Med J Aust. 1998;168:209–13. Available from: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/mar2/hill/hill.html
28. White V, Hill D, Siahpush M and Bobevski I. How has the prevalence of cigarette smoking changed among Australian adults? Trends in smoking prevalence between 1980 and 2001. Tob Control. 2003;12:ii67–ii74. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/12/suppl_2/ii67
29. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4364.0 National Health Survey 1995: Summary of results. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1997. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4364.01995?OpenDocument
30. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4364.0 National Health Survey 2001: Summary of results. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4364.02001?OpenDocument
31. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4364.0 National Health Survey 2004–05: Summary of results. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4364.02004-05?OpenDocument
32. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4365.0.55.001 National Health Survey: Users' guide—Electronic Publication, 2004–05. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCatalogue/28B8BA76C02E4FE3CA2570B3007D5EA0?OpenDocument
33. Germain D, Wakefield M, Durkin S and Siahpush M. Smoking prevalence and consumption in Victoria: key findings from the 1998–2006 population surveys. CBRC Research Paper Series, No. 23. Melbourne: Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, 2007.
34. Tobacco Control Research Centre. Key smoking statistics for South Australia—2006. Adelaide: The Cancer Council South Australia, 2007. Available from: http://www.cancersa.org.au/cms_resources/200707%20-%20Key%20Smoking%20Statistic%202006.n.pdf
35. The Social Research Centre. National Tobacco Survey: Smoking Prevalence and Consumption 1997–2005. Sydney: for the Research and Marketing Group, Business Group, Department of Health and Ageing, 2006. Available from: http://www.quitnow.info.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/content/E358356416AB1E48CA2571A30081B517/$File/prevalence-feb06.pdf
36. Fong GT, Cummings KM, Shopland DR and for the ITCC. Building the evidence base for effective tobacco control policies: the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (the ITC Project). Tob Control. 2006;15:iii1–2. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/suppl_3/iii1
37. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research. The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 2005, Last modified 25 February 2008 viewed 5 March 2008. Available from: http://melbourneinstitute.com/hilda/
38. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6527.0 Household Expenditure Survey, Australia: User Guide, 1998–99. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/productsbyCatalogue/9D5F273F0533276FCA2570B4007954FD?OpenDocument
39. White VM, Hayman J and Hill DJ. Can population-based tobacco-control policies change smoking behaviors of adolescents from all socio-economic groups? Findings from Australia: 1987–2005 Cancer Causes and Control. 2008;Published on line
40. Laws P, Grayson N and Sullivan E. Smoking and pregnancy. AIHW Cat. No. PER 33. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit, 2006. Available from: http://www.npsu.unsw.edu.au/NPSUweb.nsf/resources/AMB_2004_2008/$file/Smoking+and+pregnancy+for+web.pdf
41. Lu Y, Tong S and Oldenburg B. Determinants of smoking and cessation during and after pregnancy. Health Promot Int 2001;16:355–65. Available from: http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/4/355
42. Mohsin M and Bauman A. Socio-demographic factors associated with smoking and smoking cessation among 426,344 pregnant women in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health 2005;5:138. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-5-138.pdf
43. Flick L, Cook C, Homan S, McSweeney M and Campbell C. Persistent tobacco use during pregnancy and the likelihood of psychiatric disorders. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1799–807
44. Turrell G, Battistutta D and McGuffog I. Social determinants of smoking among parents with infants. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2002;26:30–7.
45. Gartner CE, Reported smoking inside and outside in households with and without dependent children, data from National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2004. Brisbane: University of Queensland. Unpublished data 2008.
46. Giovino G, Henningfield J, Tomar S, Escobedo L and Slade J. Epidemiology of tobacco use and dependence. Epidemiological Reviews. 1995;17:48–65.
47. Barbeau E, Krieger N and Soobader M. Working class matters: socioeconomic disadvantage, race/ethnicity, gender, and smoking in NHIS 2000 Erratum. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1295.
48. Townsend JL, Roderick P and Cooper J. Cigarette smoking by socioeconomic group, sex, and age: effects of price, income, and health publicity. BMJ. 1994;309:923–6. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/309/6959/923
49. Health Canada. Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS). Ottawa: Health Canada, 2007, Last modified 18 January 2008 viewed March 2008. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/tobac-tabac/research-recherche/stat/index_e.html
50. Whitlock G, MacMahon S and Vander Hoorn S. Socioeconomic distribtuion of smoking in a population of 10,529 New Zealanders. N Z Med J. 1997;110:327–30.
51. Fernandez E, Garcia M and Schiaffano A. Smoking initiatiation and cessation by gender and educational level in Catalonia, Spain. Prev Med. 2001;32:218–23.
52. Huisman M, Kunst AE and Mackenbach JP. Educational inequalities in smoking among men and women aged 16 years and older in 11 European countries. Tob Control. 2005;14:106–13. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/2/106
53. Huisman M, Kunst A and Mackenbach J. Inequalities in the prevalence of smoking in the European Union: comparing education and income. Prev Med. 2005;40:756–64.
54. Pekkenan K, Tuomilehto J and Utela A. Social class, health behaviour and mortality among men and women in eastern Finland. BMJ. 1995;311:589–93.
55. Siahpush M and Borland R. Sociodemographic variations in smoking status among Australians aged 18 years and over: multivariate results from the 1995 National Health Survey. Aust N Z J Public Health 2001;25:438–42.
56. Najman J, Toloo G and Sisikind V. Socioeconomic disadvantage and changes in health risk behaviours in Australia: 1989–90 to 2001. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006;84:976–84. Available from: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/84/12/05-028928.pdf
57. Smith D and Leggat P. Tobacco smoking by occupation in Australia: results from the 2004 to 2005 National Health Survey. J Occup Environ Med. 2007;49:437–45.
58. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4831.055.001 Tobacco smoking in Australia: A snapshot. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006, Last modified 15 September 2006 viewed September 2007. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4831.0.55.001
59. Siahpush M. Smoking and social inequality. Aust N Z J Public Health 2004;28:297.
60. Siahpush M, Heller G and Singh G. Lower levels of occupation, income and education are strongly associated with a longer smoking duration: multivariate results from the 2001 Australian National Drug Strategy Survey. Public Health. 2005;119:1105–10. Epub 2005 Aug 8.
61. Lawlor D, Tooth L, Lee C and Dobson A. A comparison of the association between socioeconomic position and cardiovascular disease risk factors in three age cohorts of Australian women: findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. J Public Health (Oxf). 2005;27:378–87.
62. Germain D. Smoking bans in Victorian workplaces 2005 update. Melbourne: Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, 2005. Available from: http://www.cancervic.org.au/downloads/cbrc_research_papers/smokingbans05_rps24.pdf
63. Siahpush M. Unpublished analysis of 1998 National Drug Strategy Survey. Melbourne: VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, 2002.
64. Cooper J and Borland R, Melbourne: Knowledge Building Team, The Cancer Council Victoria. Responses to fifth wave of the International Tobacco Control Four-country Survey, by educational attainment and income adjusted for household size, unpublished data. Data file provided to Michelle Scollo of the Tobacco Control Unit, 2008.
65. Guydish J, Passalacqua E, Tajima B and Manser S. Staff smoking and other barriers to nicotine dependence intervention in addiction treatment settings: a review. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2007;39:23–33. Available from: http://www.drdave.org/Articles/Journal-Of-PsychedelicDrugs.htm
66. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4221.0 Schools, Australia 2005 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006. Available from: http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/E89FF6F9D793BC6DCA25728B000CEF8D?opendocument
67. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4102.0 Australian Social Trends, 2007. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/F4B15709EC89CB1ECA25732C002079B2?opendocument#
68. Smith DR. Tobacco smoking by occupation in Australia and the United States: A review of national surveys conducted between 1970 and 2005. Industrial Health 2008;46:77–89. Available from: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/indhealth/46/1/46_77/_article
69. Baum F. Cracking the nut of health equity: top down and bottom up pressure for action on the social determinants. IUHPE—Promotion and Education. 2007;XIV:90–119.
70. Hanson M and Chen E. Socioeconomic status and health behaviors in adolescence: A review of the literature J Behav Med. 2007;30:263–85.
71. Davy M. Socio-economic inequalities in smoking: an examination of generational trends in Great Britain. Health Stat Q. 2007;Summer:26–34. Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/articles/hsq/HSQ34_Smoking.pdf
72. Turrell G and Mathers C. Socio-economic status and health in Australia. Med J Aust. 2000;172
73. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/index.htm
74. Begg S, Vos T, Barker B, Stevenson C, Stanley L and Lopez A. The burden of disease and injury in Australia 2003. PHE 82. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2007. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10317
75. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Chronic kidney disease in Australia 2005. 65. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2005. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10137
76. Draper G, Turrell G and Oldenburg B. Health inequalities in Australia: mortality. PHE 55. Canberra: Queensland University and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2004. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10041
77. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A report of the Surgeon General—Executive Summary. Atlanta, Georgia: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health., 2004.
78. Begg S, Vos T, Barker DC, Stanley L and Lopez A. Burden of disease and injury in Australia in the new millenium: measuring health loss from diseases, injuries and risk factors. eMJA. 2007;188:36–40.
79. Jha P, Peto R, Zatonski W, Boreham J, Jarvis M and Lopez A. Social inequalities in male mortality, and in male mortality from smoking: indirect estimation from national death rates in England and Wales, Poland, and North America. Lancet 2006;368:367–70.
80. Jarvis MJ and Wardle J. Social patterning of individual health behaviours: The case of cigarette smoking, in Marmot, M. and R.G. Wilkinson, Editors, Social Determinants of Health, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999.
81. Bobak M, Jha P, Nguyen S and Jarvis M. Poverty and smoking, in Jha, P. and F. Chaloupka, Editors, Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000;
82. Marmot M. Smoking and inequalities. Lancet. 2006;368:341.
83. Blakely T and Wilson N. The contribution of smoking to inequalities in mortality by education varies over time and by sex: Two national cohort studies, 1981–84 and 1996–99. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:1054–62.
84. Blakely T, Fawcett J, Hunt D and Wilson N. What is the contribution of smoking and socioeconomic position to ethnic inequalities in mortality in New Zealand? Lancet. 2006;368:44–52.
85. Hunt D, Blakely T, Woodward A and Wilson N. The smoking-mortality association varies over time and by ethnicity in New Zealand. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:1020–28.
86. Siahpush M, English D and Powles J. The contribution of smoking to socio-economic differentials in mortality: Results from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, Australia. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2006;60:1077–9.
87. Meara E, Richards S and Cutler D. The gap gets bigger: changes in mortality and life expectancy by education, 1981–2000. Health Aff. 2008;March/April 27
88. Moon L and Waters A. Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease in Australia. Bulletin no. 37. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2006. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10307
89. Siahpush M, Borland R and Scollo M. Smoking and financial stress. Tob Control. 2003;12:60–6. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/12/1/60
90. Siahpush M. Socioeconomic status and tobacco expenditure among Australian households; Results from the 1998–99 Household Expenditure Survey. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:798–801. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/57/10/798
91. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6530.0 Household Expenditure Survey (re-issued), Summary of Results, Table 1. HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE, 1984 to 2003–04. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6530.02003-04%20(Reissue)?OpenDocument
92. Siahpush M, Borland R and Yong H. Socio-demographic and psychosocial correlates of smoking-induced deprivation and its effect on quitting: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Tob Control. 2007;16:e2 (Available from: http://www.tobaccocontrol.com/cgi/content/full/16/2/e2
93. Siahpush M and Carlin JB. Financial stress, smoking cessation and relapse: results from a prospective study of an Australian national sample. Addiction. 2006;101:121–7. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01292.x
94. Siahpush M, Spittal M and Singh G. Smoking cessation and financial stress. Journal of Public Health. 2007;29:338–42.
95. Siahpush M, Spittal M and Singh GK. Association of smoking cessation with financial stress and material well-being: Results from a prospective study of a population-based national survey American Journal of Public Health. 2007;97:2281–87.
96. National Public Health Partnership. Preventing Chronic Disease: A Strategic Framework. Background Paper. Melbourne, 2001.
97. Siahpush M, Borland R and Scollo M. Smoking, Socioeconomic status and household expenditure on food, alcohol, gambling and insurance. Melbourne: VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, 2002.
98. Siahpush M, Borland R and Scollo M. Is household smoking status associated with expenditure on food at restaurants, alcohol, gambling and insurance? Results from the 1998–99 Household Expenditure Survey, Australia. Tob Control. 2004;13:409–14. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/4/409
99. Fleming P and Blair P. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and parental smoking. Early Human Development. 2007;83:721-5. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T65-4PP7R6J-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=87ca84aba55287fe5596aed9d50239ea
100. Salihu H and Wilson R. Epidemiology of prenatal smoking and perinatal outcomes. Early Human Development. 2007;81:713-20. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T65-4PPFT85-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c3965b9d9f8bdd4d5d1129e64a6373fd
101. Noakes PS, Hale J, Thomas R, Lane C, Devadason SG and Prescott SL. Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neonatal Toll-like receptor (TLR) mediated immune responses. European Respiratory Journal. 2006;28:721-9. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/721
102. Piippo-Savolainen E and Korppi M. The impact of early passive smoking on lung function in adulthood – a postbronchiolitis study Acta Paediatrica. 2007;96:1860-1. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00527.x
103. Milner A, Rao H and Greenough A. Effects of antenatal smoking on lung function and respiratory symptoms in infants and children. Early Human Development. 2007;83:707-11. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T65-4PPWMCW-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8b682ea8a1216e0f3b575022b72b5cd1
104. Ramadas RA, Sadeghnejad A, Karmaus W, Arshad SH, Matthews S, Huebner M, et al. IL-1R antagonist gene and prenatal smoke exposure are associated with childhood asthma European Respiratory Journal. 2006 29:502-8. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/29/3/502
105. MacArthur A, McBride M, Spinelli J, Tamaro S, Gallagher R and Theriault G. Risk of childhood leukemia associated with parental smoking and alcohol consumption prior to conception and during pregnancy: the cross-Canada childhood leukemia study. Cancer Causes and Control. 2008;19:283-95. Available from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/h613555j2q84q058/
106. Smoking mothers lead to fat children: Japan study AFP, October 29 2007, Available from: http://www.asiaone.com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20071030-33153.html
107. Al Mamun A, Lawlor D, Alati R, O'Callaghan M, Williams G and Najman J. Does Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy Have a Direct Effect on Future Offspring Obesity? Evidence from a Prospective Birth Cohort Study American Journal of Epidemiology 2006;164:317-25. Available from: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/164/4/317
108. Huang JS, Lee TA and Lu MC. Prenatal Programming of Childhood Overweight and Obesity. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2007;11:461-73. Available from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/bh80l75221154162/
109. Oken E, Levitan E and Gillman M. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity. 2008;32:210-10. Available from: http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v32/n2/abs/0803760a.html
110. Bruin J, Petre M, Lehman M, Raha S, Gerstein H, Morrison K, et al. Maternal nicotine exposure increases oxidative stress in the offspring. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2008;In press Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T38-4S03RF2-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=38dc0680b03837e40f704ecccc0abc9f
111. Borowitz J and Isom G. Nicotine and Type 2 Diabetes. Toxicological Sciences. 2008;Epub ahead of print Available from: http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/kfn050v1
112. Brion M, Leary S, Lawlor D, Smith G and Ness A. Modifiable Maternal Exposures and Offspring Blood Pressure: A Review of Epidemiological Studies of Maternal Age, Diet and Smoking. Pediatric research. 2008;Epub ahead of print Available from: http://www.pedresearch.org/pt/re/pedresearch/abstract.00006450-900000000-99464.htm;jsessionid=HwGL1HRNvTdhdv1blvdpRLDjDK9jg8Kl2phVty27wCypdd93hk7R!1675702673!181195628!8091!-1
113. Xiao D, Huang X, Lawrence J, Yang S and Zhang L. Fetal and Neonatal Nicotine Exposure Differentially Regulates Vascular Contractility in Adult Male and Female Offspring. Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics. 2007;320:654-61.
114. Jaddoe V, de Ridder M, van den Elzen A, Hofman A, Uiterwaal C and Witteman J. Maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with cholesterol development in the offspring: A 27-years follow-up study Atherosclerosis 2008;196:42-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T12-4N5KY3M-3&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0f4f6da22ada93a744d4228591298dea
115. Pregnant smokers raise their child's risk of stroke, heart attack. Orlando: American Heart Association, 2007, viewed. Available from: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3045781
116. Lawrence J, Xiao D, Xue Q, Rejali M, Yang S and Zhang L. Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Increases Heart Susceptibility to Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Adult Offspring. Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics. 2008;324:331-41. Available from: http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/324/1/331
117. Reinberg S. Mom's Smoking Raises Kids' Adult Heart Risk Washington Post, March 2 2007, Available from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/02/AR2007030200892.html
118. Goks�r E, �mark M, Alm B, Gustafsson P and Wennergren G. The impact of pre- and post-natal smoke exposure on future asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Acta Paediatrica. 2007;96:1030-5. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00296.x
119. Bush A. COPD: A Pediatric Disease. COPD:Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2008;5:53-67. Available from: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content?content=10.1080/15412550701815965
120. Davies M and Moore V. Association of maternal smoking in pregnancy on body composition and reproductive health in adult daughters The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2006;46:A12. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/ajo/46/s2
121. Jurisicova A, Taniuchi A, Li H, Shang Y, Antenos M, Detmar J, et al. Maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons diminishes murine ovarian reserve via induction of Harakiri The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2007;117:3971-8. Available from: http://content.jci.org/articles/view/28493
122. Strohsnitter W, Hatch E, Hyer M, Troisi R, Kaufman R, Robboy S, et al. The Association between In Utero Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Age at Menopause. American Journal of Epidemiology 2008;167:727-33. Available from: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/167/6/727
123. Fowler P, Cassie S, Rhind S, Brewer M, Collinson J, Lea R, et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy specifically reduces human fetal Desert hedgehog gene expression during testis development Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2008;93:619-26. Available from: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/93/2/619
124. Ramlau-Hansen C, Thulstrup A, Bonde J and Olsen J. Parental infertility and semen quality in male offspring: A follow-up study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;166:568-70. Available from: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/166/5/568
125. Ramlau-Hansen C, Thulstrup A, Storgaard L, Toft G, Olsen J and Bonde J. Is Prenatal Exposure to Tobacco Smoking a Cause of Poor Semen Quality? A Follow-up study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;165:1372-9. Available from: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/165/12/1372
126. Richthoff J, Elzanaty S, Rylander L, Hagmar L and Giwercman A. Association between tobacco exposure and reproductive parameters in adolescent males. International Journal of Andrology. 2008;31:31-9. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00752.x
127. Jensen TK, Joffe M, Scheike T, Skytthe A, Gaist D, Petersen I, et al. Early exposure to smoking and future fecundity among Danish twins International Journal of Andrology 2006;26:603-13. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00701.x
128. Herrmann M, King K and Weitzman M. Prenatal tobacco smoke and postnatal secondhand smoke exposure and child neurodevelopment. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008;20:184–90. Available from: http://www.co-pediatrics.com/pt/re/copeds/abstract.00008480-200804000-00015.htm;jsessionid=Hj1HTqjWJGp2bT7XGK1F1SX2Yq99RCKy3QypVhJVr5dDv7VT6l1L!-1013551081!181195628!8091!-1
129. Huizink AC and Mulder EJH. Maternal smoking, drinking or cannabis use during pregnancy and neurobehavioral and cognitive functioning in human offspring Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2006;30:24–41. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T0J-4GV8TB5-5&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=06065df131598ae0c2c3fba5f451f4e6
130. Jacobsen L, Picciotto M, Heath C, Frost S, Tsou K, Dwan R, et al. Prenatal and Adolescent Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Modulates the Development of White Matter Microstructure. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2007;27:13291-8. Available from: http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/49/13491
131. Julvez J, Ribas-Fit� N, Torrent M, Forns M, Garcia-Esteban R and Sunyer J. Maternal smoking habits and cognitive development of children at age 4 years in a population-based birth cohort International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;36:825-32. Available from: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/36/4/825
132. Gaffney K, Beckwitt A and Friesen M. Mothers' reflections about infant irritability and postpartum tobacco use. Birth. 2008;35:66-72. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-536X.2007.00212.x
133. Ecob R, Sutton G, Rudnicka A, Smith P, Power C, Strachan D, et al. Is the relation of social class to change in hearing threshold levels from childhood to middle age explained by noise, smoking, and drinking behaviour? International journal of audiology. 2008;47:100-8. Available from: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content?content=10.1080/14992020701647942
134. Jacobsen L, Slotkin T, Mencl W, Frost S, Pugh K and Jacobsen L. Gender-Specific Effects of Prenatal and Adolescent Exposure to Tobacco Smoke on Auditory and Visual Attention Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32:2453-64. Available from: http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v32/n12/abs/1301398a.html;jsessionid=DCD64FFF47C28CB94BFC256E82B728B7
135. Neuman R, Lobos E, Reich W, Henderson C, Sun L-W and Todd R. Prenatal Smoking Exposure and Dopaminergic Genotypes Interact to Cause a Severe Subtype. Biological Psychiatry. 2007;61:1320-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T4S-4MH8BK5-4&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=bc15c010967ff23ced2df2eee6952236
136. Obel C, Linnet K, Henriksen T, Rodriguez A, J�rvelin M, Kotimaa A, et al. Smoking during pregnancy and hyperactivity-inattention in the offspring—comparing results from three Nordic cohorts. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;Epub ahead of print Available from: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/dym290v1
137. Schmitz M, Denardin D, Laufer Silva T, Pianca T, Hutz M, Faraone S, et al. Smoking During Pregnancy and Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type: A Case-control Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. . 2006;45:1338-45. Available from: http://www.jaacap.com/pt/re/jaacap/abstract.00004583-200611000-00008.htm;jsessionid=HwTKRvHTjJxqMV9kFX6Gs5TmM3Yb6Qn4hb8rVdvmb4ZnBS2JyrHK!923867264!181195629!8091!-1
138. Mick E, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Sayer J and Kleinman S. Case-control study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:378–85.
139. Martin RP, Dombrowski SC, Mullis C, Wisenbaker J and Huttunen MO. Smoking during pregnancy: Association with childhood temperament, behavior, and academic performance. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31:490–500. Available from: http://jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/5/490
140. Button T, Maughan B and McGuffin P. The relationship of maternal smoking to psychological problems in the offspring. Early Human Development. 2007;83:727-32. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17888593
141. Nigg J and Breslau N. Prenatal smoking exposure, low birth weight, and disruptive behavior disorders Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007;46:362-9. Available from: http://www.jaacap.com/pt/re/jaacap/abstract.00004583-200703000-00011.htm;jsessionid=HwQTgFkj6DYWGJc1lynVJ1q1vyJfTyNhK1b2yVlBD4YWMsBQDfFv!1675702673!181195628!8091!-1
142. Monuteaux MC, Blacker D, Biederman J, Fitzmaurice G and Buka SL. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring overt and covert conduct problems: a longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2005;49:883–90.
143. Wakschlag LS, Leventhal BL, Pine DS, Pickett KE and Carter AS. Elucidating early mechanisms of developmental psychopathology: The case of prenatal smoking and disruptive behavior. Child Development. 2006;77:893–906. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00909.x
144. Tremblay RE, Nagin DS, Seguin JR, Zoccolillo M, Zelazo PD, Boivin M, et al. Physical Aggression During Early Childhood: Trajectories and Predictors. Pediatrics. 2004;114:e43–50. Available from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/1/e43
145. Lawlor DA, O'Callaghan MJ, Mamun AA, Williams GM, Bor W and Najman JM. Early life predictors of adolescent smoking: findings from the Mater-University study of pregnancy and its outcomes Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2005;19: 377–87.
146. Cornelius M, Leech S, Goldschmidt L and Day N. Prenatal tobacco exposure: is it a risk factor for early tobacco experimentation? Nicotine Tob Res. 2000;2:45–52.
147. Lawlor D, O'Callaghan M, Mamun A, Bor W, Williams G and Najman J. The association of maternal smoking throughout pregnancy, parental education and socio-economic position at birth with adolescent smoking: Findings from the Mater-University Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. in press
148. Indredavik M, Brubakk A, Romundstad P and Vik T. Prenatal smoking exposure and psychiatric symptoms in adolescence Acta Paediatrica. 2007;96:377-82. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17407460
149. Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ and Horwood LJ. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychiatric adjustment in late adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(8):721–7.
150. Flick L, Cook C, Homan S, McSweeney M, Campbell C and Parnell L. Persistent Tobacco Use During Pregnancy and the Likelihood of Psychiatric Disorders American Journal of Public Health 2006;96:1799-807. Available from: http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abstract/96/10/1799
151. Gatzke-Kopp L and Beauchaine T. Direct and Passive Prenatal Nicotine Exposure and the Development of Externalizing Psychopathology. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2007;38:255-69. Available from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/71808210l0256651/
152. Pratt T, McGloin J and Fearn N. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and criminal/deviant behavior: a meta-analysis International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 2006;50:672-90. Available from: http://ijo.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/50/6/672
153. Brennan PA, Grekin ER, Mortensen EL and Mednick SA. Relationship of maternal smoking during pregnancy with criminal arrest and hospitalization for substance abuse in male and female adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:48–54. Available from: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/159/1/48
154. Wakschlag LS, Pickett KE, Middlecamp MK, Waltona LL, Tenzere P and Leventhal BL. Pregnant smokers who quit, pregnant smokers who don't: does history of problem behavior make a difference? Social Science & Medicine 2003;56:2449–60.
155. Kodla MM and Wakschlag LS. Does a childhood history of externalizing problems predict smoking during pregnancy? . Addictive Behaviors 2004;29:273–9. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC9-49N96N9-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e88507f48e841a0ab216d38d8983cf87
156. Pickett K, Wood C, Adamson J, DeSouza L and Wakshiag L. Meaningful differences in maternal smoking behaviour during pregnancy: implications for infant behavioural vulnerability. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62:318–24.
157. Benowitz N. Nicotine safety and toxicity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
158. Charlton A and Blair V. Absence from school related to children's and parental smoking habits. Br Med J. 1989;298:90–2.
159. Gilliland F, Berhane K, Islam T, Wenten M, Rappaport E, Avol E, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke and absenteeism related to respiratory illness in schoolchildren. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;157(10):861–9.
160. Zubrick S, Silburn S, Gurrin L, Teoh H, Shepherd C, Carlton J, et al. Western Australian Child Health Survey: Education, Health and Competence. Perth, Western Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics and the TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, 1997.
161. Collins BN, Wileyto EP, Murphy MFG and Munaf� MR. Adolescent Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Predicts Academic Achievement Test Failure. The Journal of Adolescent Health 2007;41:363–70. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1054139X07001826
162. Rainio S, Rimpel� A, Luukkaala T and Rimpel� M. Evolution of the association between parental and child smoking in Finland between 1977 and 2005. 2008;Prev Med. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00917435
163. Paul SL, Blizzard L, Patton GC, Dwyer T and Venn A. Parental smoking and smoking experimentation in childhood increase the risk of being a smoker 20 years later: the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study. Addiction. 2008;103:846–53. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02196.x
164. Farkas A, Distefan J, Choi W, Gilpin E and Pierce J. Does parental smoking cessation discourage adolescent smoking? Prev Med. 1999;28:213–8.
165. Audrain-McGovern J, Rodriguez D, Tercyak KP, Neuner G and Moss HB. The Impact of Self-Control Indices on Peer Smoking and Adolescent Smoking Progression. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2006;31:139–51. Available from: http://jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/2/139
166. White VM, Hayman J and Szabo E. Social support, school involvement, unsupervised recreation and adolescent substance use among Victorian secondary school students in 2005, Victorian secondary school students' use of licit and illicit substances in 2005. Results from the 2005 Australian Secondary Students' Alcohol and Drug Survey, Melbourne: Victorian Department of Human Services, 2006; Available from: http://www.health.vic.gov.au/drugservices/pubs/vsss_2005.htm
167. Farkas AJ, Gilpin EA, White MM and Pierce JP. Association between household and workplace smoking restrictions and adolescent smoking. JAMA. 2000;284:717–22. Available from: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/284/6/717
168. Wakefield MA, Chaloupka FJ, Kaufman NJ, Orleans CT, Barker DC and Ruel EE. Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2000;321:333–7. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/321/7257/333
169. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3218.0 Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2006–07. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008, Last modified 28 March 2008 viewed 6 April 2008. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main%20Features32006-07?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2006-07&num=&view=#POPULATION%20CHANGE%20BY%20REMOTENESS%20A
170. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Rural, regional and remote health: indicators of health. Rural health series No. 5, PHE 59. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2005. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10123
171. Tracey E, Baker D, Chen W, Stavrou E and Bishop J. Cancer in New South Wales:Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Report 2005. Sydney: The Cancer Institute New South Wales, 2007. Available from: http://www.cancercouncil.com.au/editorial.asp?pageid=9
172. Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy. Meeting the challenges of the next five years—5&6: Ideas and resources for addressing inequity in smoking-related harms by addressing social, cultural and economic determinants, and by tailoring to ensure access for disadvantaged groups National Tobacco Strategy, supporting documents. Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 2005. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/phd-pub-tobacco-tobccstrat2-cnt.htm/
173. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2006 Census QuickStats. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007, viewed. Available from: http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?subaction=-1&producttype=QuickStats&areacode=0&action=401&collection=Census&textversion=false&breadcrumb=PL&period=2006&javascript=true&navmapdisplayed=true&
174. Singh M and de Looper M. Australian health inequalities: birthplace. AIHW Bulletin no 2. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2002. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/7722
175. Nierkens V, de Vries H and Stronks K. Smoking in immigrants: do socioeconomic gradients follow the pattern expected from the tobacco epidemic? Tob Control. 2006;15:385–91. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/5/385
176. Zhu S-H, Wong S, Tang H, Shi C-W and Chen MS. High quit ratio among Asian immigrants in California: Implications for population tobacco cessation Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2007;9:S505–14. Available from: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a783693058~db=all
177. Jukic A, Pino N and Flaherty B. Alcohol and other drug use, attitudes and knowledge amongst Arabic speakers in Sydney. DAMEC, 1996.
178. Rissel C, Ward J and Jorm L. Estimates of smoking and related behaviour in an immigrant Lebanese community: does survey method matter? Aust NZ J Public Health. 1999;23:534–7.
179. Rissel C and Russel C. Heart disease risk factors in the Vietnamese community of South Western Sydney. Australian Journal of Public Health. 1993;17: 71–3.
180. Chen J, Bauman A, Rissel C, Tang K, Forero R and Flaherty B. Substance use in high school students in New South Wales, Australia, in relation to language spoken at home. J Adolesc Health 2000;26
181. Tang L, Rissel C, Bauman A, Fay K, Porter S, Dawes A, et al. A longitudinal study of smoking in year 7 and 8 students speaking English or a language other than English at home in Sydney, Australia. Tob Control. 1998;7:35–40. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/7/1/35
182. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia's health 2006. Australia's Health, No. 10, AUS 73. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2006. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/aus/ah06/ah06-c00.pdf
183. Carroll T, Katz C and Carvill K. Targeting people from non-English speaking backgrounds, in Hassard, K., Editor, Australia's National Tobacco Campaign, Evaluation Report Volume One. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 1999; 191–236. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-publicat-document-metadata-tobccamp.htm/$FILE/tobccamp_f.pdf
184. Jun H and Acevedo-Garcia D. The effect of single motherhood on smoking by socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. Soc Sci Med. 2007
185. Graham H. When Life's a Drag: Women, Smoking and Disadvantage. London, UK: Department of Health, 1993.
186. Dorsett R and Marsh A. The Health Trap: Poverty, Smoking and Lone Parenthood. London: Policy Studies Institute, 1998.
187. Siahpush M, Borland R and Scollo M. Prevalence and correlates of smoking among lone mothers in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2002;26:36–9.
188. Siahpush M. Why is lone motherhood so strongly associated with smoking in Australia? Aust N Z J Public Health 2004;28:37–43. Available from: http://www.phaa.net.au/anzjph/journalpdf_2004/feb_2004/p.%2037-42.pdf
189. Graham H, Inskip HM, Francis B and Harman J. Pathways of disadvantage and smoking careers: evidence and policy implications. J Epidemiol and Community Health. 2006;60:7–12.
190. Graham H. Gender and class dimensions of smoking behaviour in Britain: Insights from a survey of mothers. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38:691–8.
191. Graham H. Cigarette smoking; a light on gender and class inequality in Britain. Journal of Social Policy. 1995;24:509–27.
192. Graham H. Smoking prevalence among women in the European Community 1950–1990. Soc Sci Med. 1996;43:243–54.
193. Graham H. Social determinants and their unequal distribution: clarifying policy undrestandings. Milbank Q. 2004;82:101–24.
194. Dejin-Karlsson E, Hanson BS, Ostergren PO, Ranstam J, Isacsson SO and Sjoberg NO. Psychosocial resources and persistent smoking in early pregnancy—a population study of women in their first pregnancy in Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996;50:33–9. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/1/33
195. Graham H, Francis B, Inskip HM, Harman J and Group SWSS. Socioeconomic lifecourse influences on women's smoking status in early adulthood. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60:228–33. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/60/3/228
196. Gaffney KF BA, Friesen MA. Mothers' reflections about infant irritability and postpartum tobacco use. Birth. 2008;35:66–72. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-536X.2007.00212.x
197. Trinder PM, Croft PR and Lewis M. Social class, smoking and the severity of respiratory symptoms in the general population. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54:340–3. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/54/5/340
198. Spencer N. Maternal education, lone parenthood, material hardship, maternal smoking, and longstanding respiratory problems in childhood: testing a hierarchical conceptual framework. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59:842–6. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/59/10/842
199. White V and Hayman J. Smoking behaviours of Australian secondary school students in 2002. National Drug Strategy Monograph Series No. 54. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2004. Available from: http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/content/mono54
200. White V and Hayman J. Smoking behaviours of Australian secondary students in 2005. Canberra: Drug Strategy Branch, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2006. Available from: http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/Content/mono59
201. Jablensky A, McGrath J, Herrman H, Castle D, Gureje O, Morgan V, et al. People living with psychotic Illness: an Australian study 1997–98. Mental Health Branch, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. Canberra, 1999.
202. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4326.0 Mental health and well-being: profile of adults. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1997. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4326.01997?OpenDocument
203. Degenhardt L and Hall W. The relationship between tobacco use, substance-use disorders and mental health: results from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Nicotine Tob Res. 2001;3:225–34.
204. Lasser K, Boyd L, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein S, McCormick D and Bor D. Smoking and mental illness: A population-based prevalence study. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000;284:2606–10.
205. McNeill A. Smoking and mental health: a review of the literature. London: Smokefree Londone Programme, 2001. Available from: http://www.ash.org.uk/html/policy/menlitrev.pdf
206. Jorm A. Association between smoking and mental disorders: Results from an Australian National Prevalence Survey. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1999;23:245.
207. Smart RG and Ferris J. Alcohol, drugs and gambling in the Ontario adult population, 1994. Can J Psychiatry. 1996;41:36–45.
208. Lal A and Siahpush M. The effect of smoke-free policies on electronic gaming machine expenditure in Victoria, Australia. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62:11–5. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/62/1/11
209. de Leon J and Diazb FJ. A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors Schizophrenia Research. 2005;76:135–57.
210. Lawn S. Systematic barriers to quitting smoking among institutionalised public mental health service populations: a comparison of two Australian sites. Int J Social Psychiatry. 2004;50:201–15.
211. Ker S and Owens D. Admission to a psychiatric unit and changes in tobacco smoking. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health. 2008;4:12. Available from: http://www.cpementalhealth.com/content/4/1/12
212. Lawn S. Australians with mental illness who smoke. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:85. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-5-138.pdf
213. Elkins K, Curry C, Harrigan S and McGorry P. Mental Illness and smoking cessation: an urgent public health issue. Melbourne: Victorian Smoking and Health Program, 1996.
214. Kelly C and McCreadie R. Cigarette smoking and schizophrenia. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2000;6:327–31.
215. Reichler H, Baker A, Lewin T and Carr V. Smoking Among in-Patients With Drug-related Problems in an Australian Psychiatric Hospital. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2001;20:231–7.
216. Potenza MN, Steinberg MA, McLaughlin SD, Wu R, Rounsaville BJ, Krishnan-Sarin S, et al. Characteristics of tobacco-smoking problem gamblers calling a gambling helpline. Am J Addict. 2004;13:471–93.
217. Lawrence D, Holman C and Jablensky A. Duty to Care. Preventable physical illness in people with mental illness. Perth: The University of Western Australia, 2001.
218. Polgar S, McGartland M and Hales T. Cigarette smoking and schizophrenia: A public health issue. Australian Journal of Primary Health-Interchange. 1996;2:21–8.
219. de Leon J, Dadvand M, Canuso C, White A, Stanilla J and Simpson G. Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152
220. Borrelli B, Niaura R, Keuthen N, Goldstein O, DePue J, Murphy C, et al. Development of major depressive disorder during smoking cessation treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998;57:534–8.
221. Covey L. Tobacco cessation among patients with depression. Primary Care. 1999;26:691.
222. Degenhardt L, Hall W and Lynskey M. Alcohol, cannabis and tobacco use among Australians: a comparison of their associations with other drug use and use disorders, affective and anxiety disorders, and psychosis. Addiction. 2001;96:1603–14.
223. Baker A, Ivers R, Bowman J, Butler T, Kay-Lambkin F, Wye P, et al. Where there's smoke, there's fire: high prevalence of smoking among some sub-populations and recommendations for intervention. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2006;25 Available from: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a741424195~db=all~order=page
224. Kalman D, Morissette S and George T. Co-morbidity of smoking in patients with psychiatric and substance use disorders. Am J Addict. 2005;14:106–23. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16019961
225. Williams J and Ziedonis D. Addressing tobacco among individuals with a mental illness or an addiction. Addictive Behaviours. 2004;29:1067–83.
226. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4105.0 Australian Social Trends, 2004 Housing Arrangements: Homelessness. . Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2004. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/ddc8dc3787e2d9fcca256e9e0028f91e!OpenDocument
227. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Households in housing stress, a million and a half have received help. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare,, 2008, viewed March 2008. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/mediacentre/2008/mr20080222.cfm
228. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Housing assistance in Australia 2008. AIHW cat. no. HOU 173. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10563
229. NATSEM. Wherever I lay my debt, that's my home. Income & Wealth Report Issue 19. Canberra: AMP-National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, 2008. Available from: http://www.canberra.edu.au/centres/natsem/
230. Kermode M, Crofts N, Miller P, Speed B and Streeton J. Health indicators and risks among people experiencing homelessness in Melbourne, 1995–1996. Aust NZ J Public Health 1998;22:464–70.
231. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4517.0 Prisoners in Australia, 2007 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4517.02007?OpenDocument
232. Compliance Framework Branch Compliance Policy and Case Coordination Division. Chapter 10: Detaining unlawful citizens, Managing the Border: Immigration Compliance Canberra: Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, 2006; Available from: http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/compliance/managing-the-border/
233. Awofeso N, Testaz R, Wyper S and Morris S. Smoking prevalence in New South Wales correctional facilities. Tob Control. 2001;10:84–5.
234. Belcher J, Butler T, Richmond R, Wodak A and Wilhelm K. Smoking and its correlates in the Australian prisoner population. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2006;25:343–8.
235. Butler T, Alnut S, Cain D, Owens D and Muller C. Mental disorder in the New South Wale prisoner population. Ausralian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiartry. 2005;39:407–13.
236. Butler T, Andrews G, Alnut S, Smith N, Sakashita C and Basson J. Mental disorders in Australian prisoners: a comparison with a community sample. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;40:272–6.
237. Awofeso N. Reducing smoking prevalence in Australian prisons: a review of policy options. Applied Economics and Health Policy. 2002;1:1–8.
238. Centre for Military and Veterans' Health. Research into veterans' quality of life, health care utilisation and personal attributes. Canberra: University of Queensland, 2005. Available from: http://www.uq.edu.au/cmvh/index.html?page=21146
239. Haddock CK, Klesges RC, Talcott GW, Lando H and Stein RJ. Smoking prevalence and risk factors for smoking in a population of United States Air Force basic trainees. Tob Control. 1998;7:232–5. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/3/232
240. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer incidence study 2003: Australian veterans of the Korean War. PHE 48. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2003. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/9589
241. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework 2006 report Detailed analyses. Canberra: AIHW cat. no. IHW 20, 2007. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/ihw/atsihpf06r/
242. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3315.0 Occasional paper: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1997.
243. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4715.0 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey, 2004–05 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4715.02004-05?OpenDocument
244. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4722.0.55.004—Tobacco Smoking—Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: A snapshot, 2004–05 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007, Last modified 5 July 2007 viewed January 2008. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/productsbyCatalogue/D030A9BD9BF14B08CA25730E0021BCE1?OpenDocument
245. Thomas DP, Briggs V, Anderson IP and Cunningham J. The social determinants of being an Indigenous non-smoker. ANZJPH. 2008;32:110–16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412679?ordinalpos=57&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief
246. Lindorff KJ. Tobacco Time for Action: National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Tobacco Control Project. Canberra: National Aboriginal Community Controlled Organisations, 2002. Available from: http://www.naccho.org.au/Files/Documents/NACCHO_Tobacco_report.pdf
247. Sweet M. High smoking rates among Aboriginal community cause financial hardship. Br Med J. 2002;324:1296.
248. Waters A. Do housing conditions impact on health inequalities between Australia's rich and poor. Canberra: Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, 2001.
249. Zubrick S, Lawrence D, Silburn S, Blair E, Milroy H, Wilkes T, et al. The Western Australian Child Health Survey: The Health of Aboriginal Children and Young People. Telethon Institute of Child Health Research, 2004, viewed. Available from: www.ichr.uwa.edu.au
250. Chen E, Martin AD and Matthews KA. Socioeconomic status and health: Do gradients differ within childhood and adolescence? . Social Science & Medicine 2006;62:2161–70. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBF-4H8FR1V-3&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c4581d60e9a215d6976bdc96d11898c4
251. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1995 National Survey: asthma and other respiratory conditions. Canberra: ABS Cat. No. 4373.0, 1997.
252. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke : a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta Ga: US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2006/index.htm
253. Thomson GW, Wilson NA, O'Dea D, Reid PJ and Howden-Chapman P. Tobacco spending and children in low income households. Tob Control. 2002;11:372–5.
254. Crawley HF and While D. Parental smoking and the nutrient intake and food choice of British teenagers aged 16–17 years. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996;50:306–12. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/3/306
255. Zubrick S and Silburn S. Education, health and competence. Western Australian Child Health Survey: Education and Competence, 1997.
256. Chun J, Guydish J and Chan Y. Smoking among adolescents in substance abuse treatment: a study of programs, policy, and prevalence. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2007;39:443–9. Available from: http://www.drdave.org/Articles/Journal-Of-PsychedelicDrugs.htm
257. Chan DL and Sullivan EA. Teenage smoking in pregnancy and birthweight: a population study, 2001–2004. MJA. 2008;188:392–6. Available from: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/188_07_070408/cha10972_fm.html
258. Koivusilta L, Rimpel� A and Rimpel� M. Health related lifestyles in adolescence predicts adult educational level. J Epidemiol and Community Health. 1998;52:794–801.
259. Chapman S and Freeman B. Markers of the denormalisation of smoking and the tobacco industry. Tob Control. 2008;17:25–31. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/17/1/25
260. Gilman SE, Abrams DB and Buka SL. Socioeconomic status over the life course and stages of cigarette use: initiation, regular use, and cessation. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:802–8. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/57/10/802
261. Siahpush M. Why is lone-motherhood so strongly associated with smoking in Australia? Melbourne: VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, 2003.
262. Moolchan ET, Fagan P, Fernander A, Velicer W, Hayward MD, King G, et al. Addressing tobacco-related health disparities. Addiction. 2007;102 30–42.
263. Brunner E, Shipley M, Blane D and al e. When does cardiovasular risk start? Past and present socioeconomic circumstances and risk factors in adulthood. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53:757–64.
264. Power C, Graham H, Due P and al e. The contribution of childhood and adult socioeconomic position to adult obesity and smoking behaviour: an international comparison. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34
265. Case A, Lubotsky D and Paxson C. Economic status and health in childhood: The origins of the gradient. Is Economic Rev. 2002;92:1308–34.
266. Gallopades B, Lynch J and Smith DG. Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality in adulthood: Systematic review and interpretation. Epid Reviews. 2004;26:7–21.
267. Birch S. Commentary: Social inequalities in health, social epidemiology and social value. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:294–6.
268. Fergusson D, Horwood L, Boden J and Jenkin G. Childhood social disadvantage and smoking in adulthood: results of a 25-year longitudinal study. Addiction. 2007;102:475–82.
269. West P, Sweeting H and Young R. Smoking in Scottish youths: personal income, parental social class and the cost of smoking. Tob Control. 2007;16:329–35. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/5/329
270. Farrelly M and Bray J. Office on Smoking and Health, response to increases in cigarette prices by race/ethnicity, income, and age groups—United States, 1976–1993. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1998;47:605–9. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00054047.htm
271. Farrelly M, Bray J, Pechacek TF and Woollery T. Responses to increases in cigarette pirces by socioeconomic characteristics. Southern Economic Journal. 2001;2001:1.
272. Levy D, Mumford E and Compton C. Tobacco control policies and smoking in a population of low education women, 1992–2002. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2006;60:ii20–6. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/60/suppl_2/ii20.pdf
273. Bala M, Strzeszynski L and Cahill K. Mass media interventions for smoking cessation in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 Art. No.: CD004704. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004704.pub2London: John Wiley Publishing Ltd, 2008, Last modified 23 January 2008 viewed April 2008. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab004704.html
274. Thomas S, Fayler D, Misso K, Oglivie D, Petticrew M, Sowden A, et al. Population tobacco control interventions and their effects on social inequalities in smoking: systematic review. Tob Control. 2008;in publication Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/tc.2007.023911v1?papetoc
275. Schaap M, Kunst AE, Leinsalu M, Regisor E, Ekholm O, Dzurova D, et al. Effect of nation-wide tobacco control policies on smoking cessation in high and low educated groups in 18 European countries. Tob Control. 2008;May 15, 2008, Epub ahead of print. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18483129?ordinalpos=15&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief
276. Hill D. Public response to the Quit Campaign household survey, in Hill, D., Editor, Evaluation Studies No. 1, Melbourne: Victorian Smoking and Health Project, Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria, 1986; 11–32.
277. Mullins R, Morand M and Borland R. Key findings of the 1994 and 1995 Household Survey. Quit Evaluation Studies No. 8, 1994–1995. Melbourne: Victorian Smoking and Health Program, 1996.
278. Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer. Quit evaluation studies. Melbourne: Victorian Smoking and Health Program, 1986 to 2001. Available from: http://www.quit.org.au/browse.asp?ContainerID=1755
279. Donovan RJ, Boulter J, Borland R, Jalleh G and Carter O. Continuous tracking of the Australian National Tobacco Campaign: advertising effects on recall, recognition, cognitions, and behaviour. Tob Control. 2003;12:II30–90.
280. Wakefield M, Freeman J and Inglis G. Ch 5 Changes associated with the National Tobacco Campaign: Results of the third and fourth follow-up surveys, in Hassard, K., Editor, Australia's National Tobacco Campaign, Evaluation Volume 3, Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 2004; Available from: http://www.quitnow.info.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/evaluation-reports
281. Siahpush M, McNeill A, Hammond D and Fong GT. Socioeconomic and country variations in knowledge of health risks of tobacco smoking and toxic constituents of smoke: results from the 2002 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tob Control. 2006;15:iii65–70. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/suppl_3/iii65
282. Siahpush M and Borland R. Trends in sociodemographic variations in smoking prevalence, 1997–2000, Australia's National Tobacco Campaign: Evaluation Report, Volume Three, Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, 2002; Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/Publishing.nsf/Content/88ED1349FD03EB05CA257331000C3A17/$File/tobccamp3.pdf
283. Macaskill P, Pierce JP, Simpson JM and Lyle DM. Mass media–led antismoking campaign can remove the education gap in quitting behavior. Am J Public Health. 1992;82:96–8. Available from: http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abstract/82/1/96
284. Siahpush M, Wakefield M, Spittal M, Durkin S and Scollo M. Taxation reduces social disparities in adult smoking prevalence: evidence from Australia, 1991–2006. in submission
285. Scollo M, Younie S, Wakefield M, Freeman J and Icasiano F. Impact of tobacco tax reforms on tobacco prices and tobacco use in Australia. Tob Control. 2003;12:59ii–66. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/suppl_2/ii59
286. Chapman S. Public Health Advocacy and Tobacco Control: Making Smoking History: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Available from: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/contents.asp?ref=9781405161633&site=1
287. Beaglehole R, Ebrahim S, Reddy S, Vo�te J, Leeder S and Chronic Disease Action Group. Prevention of chronic diseases: a call to action. The Lancet. 2007;370:2152–7. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673607617000/
288. Kessler D, Natanblut S, Wilkenfeld J, Lorraine C, Mayl S, Bernstein I, et al. Nicotine addiction: a pediatric disease. J Pediatr. 1997;130:518–24. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9108846
289. Aligne CA and Stoddard JJ. Tobacco and Children: An Economic Evaluation of the Medical Effects of Parental Smoking. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1997;151:648–53. Available from: http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/151/7/648
290. Champion D and Chapman S. Framing pub smoking bans: an analysis of Australian print news media coverage, March 1996–March 2003. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59:679–84. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/59/8/679
291. Chapman S and Liberman J. Ensuring smokers are adequately informed: reflections on consumer rights, manufacturer responsibilities, and policy implications. Tob Control. 2005;14:ii8–13. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/suppl_2/ii8
292. Chapman S, Wilson D and Wakefield M. Smokers' understanding of cigarette yield labels. Med J Aust. 1986;145:376–9.
293. Daynard RA. Tobacco Liability Litigation as a Cancer Control Strategy1. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1988;80:9–13. Available from: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org
294. Liberman J and Clough J. Corporations that kill: The criminal liability of tobacco manufacturers. Criminal Law Journal. 2002;26.
295. VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control. Tobacco Control: A Blue Chip Investment in Public Health. Melbourne: The Cancer Council Victoria, 2003, Last modified July 2004 viewed. Available from: http://www.vctc.org.au
296. Royal College of Physicians of London. Nicotine Addiction in Britain A report of the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. London, 2000.
297. Chapman S. Tobacco and deforestation in the developing world. Tob Control. 1994;3:191–3. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com
298. Healthy Waterways South East Queensland. Litter and our waterways. 2002, Last modified 2002 viewed June 2008. Available from: http://www.healthywaterways.org/butt_litter_campaign_1.html
299. Chapman S and Wakefield M. Tobacco Control Advocacy in Australia: Reflections on 30 Years of Progress. Health Educ Behav. 2001;28:274–89. Available from: http://heb.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/3/274
300. Chapman S. The news on smoking: editorial coverage of tobacco and health issues in Australian newspapers, 1987–88. American Journal of Public Health. 1989;79:1419–20.
301. Sood A, Andoh J, Verhulst SJ, Rajoli N and Hopkins-Price P. Characteristics of Smokers Calling a National Reactive Telephone Helpline American Journal of Health Promotion. 2008;22:176.
302. Andoh J, Verhulst S, Ganesh M, Hopkins-Price P, Edson B and Sood A. Sex- and race-related differences among smokers using a national helpline are not explained by socioeconomic status. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2008;100:200–07. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18300537?ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief
303. Siahpush M, Wakefield M, Spittal M and Durkin S. Anti-smoking television advertising and socio-economic variations in calls to Quitline. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2007;61:298–301.
304. Lillard DR, Plassmann, Vandana , Kenkel D and Mathios A. Who kicks the habit and how they do it: Socioeconomic differences across methods of quitting smoking in the USA Social Science & Medicine 2007.
305. Borland R, Pigott R, Rintoul D, Shore S and Young S. Barriers to Access of Smoking Cessation Programs, Nicotine Replacement Therapy and other Pharmacotherapies for the General Australian Population and At Risk Population Groups. Literature Review and Volumes 1 and 2. Canberra: Final Report to Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, 2002.
306. Carter S, Borland R and Chapman C. Finding the Strength to Kill Your Best Friend—smokers talk about smoking and quitting. Sydney: Australian Smoking Cessation Consortium and GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, 2001.
307. Medicare Australia. PBS Statistics. Canberra: Medicare Australia, 2008, viewed. Available from: http://www.medicareaustralia.gov.au/provider/pbs/stats.shtml
308. Burns E and Levinson A. Discontinuation of nicotine replacement therapy among smoking-cessation attempters. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34:212–5.
309. The Cancer Council New South Wales. Lifting the burdern: Tobacco control and social equity strategy July 2006 to June 2011. Sydney: The Cancer Council New South Wales 2006. Available from: http://www.cancercouncil.com.au/editorial.asp?pageid=2210
310. Government of Victoria. Victorian Tobacco Control Strategy 2008–2013 Consultation Submission, 2008. Department of Human Services. Available from: www.health.vic.gov.au/tobaccoreforms
311. Giskes K, Kunst A, Ariza C, Benach J, Borrell C, Helmert U, et al. Applying an equity lens to tobacco-control policies and their uptake in six Western-European countries. J Public Health Policy. 2007;28:261–80. Available from: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v28/n2/abs/3200132a.html
312. Wilson N, Blakely T and Tobias M. What potential has tobacco control for reducing health inequalities? The New Zealand situation. Int J Equity Healt. 2006;2:14. Available from: http://www.equityhealthj.com/
313. Christakis NA and Fowler JH. The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. NEJM. 2007;357:370–9.
314. Cutler D and Glaeser EL. Social Interactions and Smoking. Faculty Research Working Papers Series, RWP08–018. Massachusetts: Department of Economics & John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University, 2008. Available from: http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/Research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP08-018/$File/rwp_08_018_glaeser.pdf
315. Farrelly MC, Evans WN and Sfekas AE. The impact of workplace smoking bans: results from a national survey. Tob Control. 1999;8:272–7.
316. Glaeser EL, Scaredote B and Scheinkman J. The social multiplier. Journal of the European Economics Association. 2003;1:345–53.
317. Christakis NA and Fowler JH. The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;358:2249–58. Available from: http://christakis.med.harvard.edu/pdfs/Christakis_Fowler_Smoking_NEJM.pdf
318. Siegel M, Albers AB, Cheng D, Hamilton WL and Biener L. Local restaurant smoking regulations and the adolescent smoking initiation process :Results of a multilevel contextual analysis among Massachusetts youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162:477–83. Available from: http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/162/5/477
319. Borland R, Mullins R, Trotter L and White V. Trends in environmental tobacco smoke restrictions in the home in Victoria, Australia. Tob Control. 1999;8:266–71.
320. Scollo M. Do Australian tobacco package 'health warnings' offer consumers adequate information about the risks posed by smoking?, in National Heart Foundation and the Cancer Council Australia, Editor, Draft Regulatory Impact Statement on Proposed Change to the Trade Practices (Consumer Product Information Standards (Tobacco) Regulations, Melbourne: VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, 2004.
321. Chapman S, Geneva: Union Internationale Contre Cancer. The next step in pack warnings? GLOBAlink network, 2008.
322. Chuang Y-C, Cubbin C, Ahn D and Winkleby MA. Effects of neighbourhood socioeconomic status and convenience store concentration on individual level smoking. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59:568–73. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/59/7/568
323. Wakefield M, Germain D and Henriksen L. The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on impulse purchase. Addiction. 2008;103:322–30.
324. Sargent JD, Tanski SE and Gibson J. Exposure to movie smoking among US adolescents aged 10 to 14 Years: A population estimate. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e1167–76. Available from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/119/5/e1167
325. Bomlitz L and Brezis M. Misrepresentation of health risks by mass media. Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England). 2008;30:202–4. Available from: http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/30/2/202
326. Chapman S and Dominello A. A strategy for increasing news media coverage of tobacco and health in Australia. Health Promotion International. 2001;16:137–43.
327. Watt J. Overview, in Trotter, L. and R. Mullins, Editors, Quit Evaluation Studies No. 9, Melbourne: Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria, 1998;
328. Hill D, Borland R, Carrol T, Donovan R and Taylor J. Perspectives of the Australian National Tobacco Campaign, in Hassard K, Editor, Australia's National Tobacco Campaign, Evaluation Volume Two, Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, 2000; 1–9. Available from: http://www.quitnow.info.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/evaluation-reports
329. Hill D and Alcock J. Background to campaign, in Hassard, K., Editor, Australia's National Tobacco Campaign: Evaluation Report Volume One, Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, 1999; Available from: http://www.quitnow.info.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/evaluation-reports
330. Alcock J. Background to the Campaign in 1998, Australia's National Tobacco Campaign. Evaluation Report Volume Two, Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, 2000; 11–20.
331. Erbas B, Bui Q, Huggins R, Harper T and White V. Investigating the relation between placement of Quit antismoking advertisements and number of telephone calls to Quitline: a semiparametric modelling approach. Tob Control. 2006;15:74. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com
332. Carroll T and Rock B. Generating Quitline calls during Australia's National Tobacco Campaign: effects of television advertisement execution and programme placement. Tob Control. 2003;12:II40–II4.
333. Wakefield M, Durrant R, Terry-McElrath Y, Ruel E, Balch G, Anderson S, et al. Appraisal of anti-smoking advertising by youth at risk for regular smoking: A comparative study in the United States, Australia, and Britain. Tobacco Control. 2003;12:ii82-6. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/suppl_2/ii82
334. Biener L, McCallum-Keeler G and Nyman A. Adults' response to Massachussetts anti-tobacco television advertisements: impact of viewer and advertisement characteristics. Tobacco Control. 2000;9:401-7. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/4/401
335. Biener L and Taylor TM. The continuing importance of emotion in tobacco control media campaigns: a response to Hastings and MacFadyen. Tob Control. 2002;11:75–7.
336. Biener L, McCallum-Keeler G and Nyman A. Adults' response to Massachusetts anti-tobacco television advertisements: impact of viewer and advertisement characteristics. Tobacco Control. 2000;9:401–7. Available from: http://www.tobaccocontrol.com/cgi/content/full/9/4/401
337. Niederdeppe J, Fiore MC, Baker TB and Smith SS. Smoking-cessation media campaigns and their effectiveness among socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged populations. American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98. Available from: http://www.ajph.org/cgi/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117499
338. Viswanath K and Finnegan J. The knowledge-gap hypothesis: Twenty-five years later, in Buleson, B., Editor, Communication yearbook 19, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1996.
339. Viswanath K, Breen N, Meissner H, Moser RP, Hesse B, Steele WR, et al. Cancer knowledge and disparities in the Information Age. Journal of Health Communication. 2006;11:1–17.
340. Viswanath K and Emmons KM. Message effects and social determinants of health: its application to cancer disparities. Journal of Communication. 2006;56:s238–64.
341. Dal Cin S, Zanna M and Fong G. Narrative persuasion and overcoming resistance, in Knowles, E. and J. Linn, Editors, Resistance to persuasion, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2004.
342. Heath C, Bell C and Sternberg E. Emotional selection in memes: The case of urban legends. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001;81:1028-41. Available from: http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/81/6/1028
343. Luminet O, Bouts P, Delie F, Manstead A and Rime B. Social sharing of emotion following exposure to negatively valenced situation. Cognition and Emotion. 2000;14:661-88. Available from: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713751280~db=all
344. Lyons A and Kashima Y. How are stereotypes maintained through communication?: The Influence of stereotype sharedness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;85:989-1005. Available from: http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/85/6/989
345. Green M and Brock T. The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of personality and social psychology. 2000;79:701-21. Available from: http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/79/5/701
346. Green M. Narratives and Cancer Communication. Journal of Communication. 2006;56:S163-83. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00288.x
347. Slater M. Entertainment education and the persuasive impact of narratives, in Green, M., J. Strange, and T. Brock, Editors, Narrative impact: social and cognitive foundations, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002; 157-81.
348. Hinyard LJ and Kreuter MW. Using Narrative Communication as a Tool for Health Behavior Change: A Conceptual, Theoretical, and Empirical Overview. Health Educ Behav. 2007;34:777–92. Available from: http://heb.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/5/777
349. Hall WD, Gartner CE and Carter A. Horizons Review: The genetics of nicotine addiction liability: ethical and social policy implications. Addiction. 2007;103:350–9.
350. Hall WD. The prospects for tobacco harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2005;16:139–42.
351. Hall WD and West R. Thinking about the unthinkable: A de facto prohibition on smoked tobacco products. Addiction 2008;103:873–4.
352. Gartner CE and Hall WD. Should Australia lift its ban on low nitrosamine smokeless tobacco products? . MJA. 2008;188:44–6.
353. Gartner CE, Hall WD, Vos T, Bertram MY, Wallace AL and Lim SS. Assessment of Swedish snus for tobacco harm reduction: an epidemiological modelling study. The Lancet 2007;369:210–14.
354. Fiore MC and Ja�n CR. A Clinical Blueprint to Accelerate the Elimination of Tobacco Use. JAMA. 2008;299:2083–5. Available from: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/17/2083
355. Fiore MC, Ja�n M, Carlos Roberto, Baker TB, Bailey WC, Benowitz NL, Curry SJ, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence. Clinical Practice Guidelines. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008. Available from: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/treating_tobacco_use08.pdf
356. Gladwell M. The tipping point: How little things can make a big difference. London: Little, Brown and Company, 2000.
357. Murray RL, Coleman T, Antoniak M, Stocks J, Fergus A, Britton J, et al. The effect of proactively identifying smokers and offering smoking cessation support in primary care populations: a cluster-randomized trial Addiction 2008;103:998–1006.
358. Millet C, Gray J, Saxena S, Netuveli G and Majeed A. Impact of a pay-for-performance incentive on support for smoking cessation and on smoking prevalence among people with diabetes. CMAJ. 2007;176:1705–10.
359. Borland R, Balmford J, Bishop N, Segan C, Piterman C, McKay-Brown L, et al. In-practice management vs. quitline referral for enhancing smoking cessation in general practice: A cluster randomised trial. in submission
360. Maher JE, Rohde K, Dent CW, Stark MJ, Pizacani B, Boysun MJ, et al. Is a statewide tobacco quitline an appropriate service for specific populations? Tob Control. 2007;16:i65–70. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/Suppl_1/i65
361. Urbis Keys Young, Borland R and Quay Connection. Barriers to access of smoking cessation programs, nicotine replacement therapy and other pharmacotherapies. 2002.
362. Kodl MM, Fu SS, Willenbring ML, Gravely A, Nelson DB and Joseph AM. The impact of depressive symptoms on alcohol and cigarette consumption following treatment for alcohol and nicotine dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2008;OnlineEarly Articles Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00556.x
363. Quit Victoria. Quitline Guidelines: Smoking Cessation and Mental Illness. Melbourne: Tobacco Control Unit, The Cancer Council Victoria, 2003.
364. Stead L and Lancaster T. Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1998, Last modified February 16, 2005 viewed May 2008. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab001007.html
365. Laws P, Abeywardana S, Walker J and Sullivan E. Australia's mothers and babies 2005. Perinatal statistics series no. 20, Cat. no. PER 40. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit, 2007. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10471
366. Hey K and Perera R. Competitions and incentives for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 2. Art. No.CD004307. DOI: 10.1002/14651858, 2005, Last modified 19 February 2005 viewed March 2008. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab004307.html
367. El-Khorazaty M, Johnson A, Kiely M, El-Mohandes A, Subramanian S, Layrea H, et al. Recrutiment and retention of low-income minority women in a behavioural intervention to reduce smoking, depression and intimate partner violence during pregnancy. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:223.
368. Donatelle R, Prows S, Champeau D and Hudson D. Randomised controlled trial using social support and financial incentives for high risk pregant smokers: siignificant other supporter (SOS) program. Tob Control. 2000;9 Suppl 3:III67–9.
369. Donatelle R, Hudson D, Dobie S, Goodall A, Hunsberger M and Oswald K. Incentives in smoking cessation: Status of the field and implications for research and practice with pregnant smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2004;6 Supplement 2:s163–79.
370. Heil SH, Higgins ST, Bernstein IM, Solomon LJ, Rogers RE, Thomas CS, et al. Effects of voucher-based incentives on abstinence from cigarette smoking and fetal growth among pregnant women Addiction. 2008;103:1009–18 Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02237.x
371. Chapman S. Stop-smoking clinics: a case for their abandonment. The Lancet. 1985;8434:918–20.
372. Jamrozik K, Weller D and Heller R. The UK smoking time-warp: roll on 1989! Targets for the prevalence of smoking in 2010 are embarrassingly modest. Med J Aust. 2004;180:266–7.
373. Adams J, White M, Lowey HL, Fullard B, Bellis M and Tocque K. Smoking cessation services may not reduce inequalities. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58:158–9. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com
374. Bauld L, Chesterman J, Judge K, Pound E and Coleman T. Impact of UK National Health Service smoking cessation services: variations in outcomes in England. Tob Control. 2003;12:296–301.
375. Bauld L, Judge K and Platt S. Assessing the impact of smoking cessation services on reducing health inequalities in England: observational study. Tob Control. 2007;16:400–4. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/6/400
376. Lowey HL, Tocque K, Bellis M and Fullard B. Smoking cessation are reducing inequalities. J Epidemiol and Community Health. 2003;57:579–80.
377. Low A, Unsworth L, Low A and Miller I. Avoiding the danger that stop smoking services may exacerbate health inequalities: building equity into performance assessment. BMC Public Health. 2007;9:198. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-7-198.pdf
378. UK Department of Health. Tackling inequalities: status report on the programme for action. London: Deparment of Health, 2005.
379. Stead L, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D and Lancaster T. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1 London: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 1996, Last modified 1 November 2007 viewed April 2008. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000146.html
380. Pierce JP and Gilpin EA. Impact of Over-the-Counter sales on effectiveness of pharmaceutical aids for smoking cessation JAMA. 2002;288:1260–64.
381. West R and Zhou X. Is nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation effective in the 'real world'? Findings from a prospective multinational cohort study. Thorax. 2007;62 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17573444
382. Gilpin E, Messer K and JP P. Population effectiveness of phamaceutical aids for smoking cessation: what is associated with increased success? Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2006;8:661–9.
383. GlaxoSmithKline. Product information Zyban Sustained release tablets, Issue 10. Melbourne: 2008, Last modified 26 August 2005 viewed 9 April 2008. Available from: http://www.gsk.com.au/resources.ashx/prescriptionmedicinesproductschilddataproinfo/269/FileName/2036C2E04A5E25F86CA4E73A4A574553/PI_Zyban.pdf
384. Bertram MY, Lim SS, Wallace AL and Vos T. Costs and benefits of smoking cessation aids: making a case for public reimbursement of nicotine replacement therapy in Australia. Tob Control. 2007;16:255–60. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/4/255
385. West R, DiMarino ME, Gitchell J and McNeill A. Impact of UK policy initiatives on use of medicines to aid smoking cessation. Tob Control. 2005;14:166–71. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/3/166
386. Silagy C MD, Fowler G, and Lancaster T. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;2:Retrived May 1 2000 from The Cochrane Library database on the World Wide Web: http://www.updateusa.com/clibpw/clib.htm.
387. Lancaster T and Stead LF. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004. The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004 Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2004. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&uid=10796638&Dopt=b
388. Stead L and Lancaster T. Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2004, viewed. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/cochrane/revabstr/AB001007.htm
389. Cummings KM, Hyland A, Fix B, Bauer UE, Celestino P, Carlin-Menter S, et al. Free Nicotine Patch Giveaway Program: 12-Month follow-up of participants. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31:181–4.
390. Cummings KM, Fix B, Celestino P, Carlin-Menter S, O'Connor R and Hyland A. Reach, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of free nicotine medication giveaway programs. J Public Health Management & Practice. 2006;12:37–43. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=16340514&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google
391. An LC, Schillo BA, Kavanaugh AM, Lachter RB, Luxenberg MG, Wendling AH, et al. Increased reach and effectiveness of a statewide tobacco quitline after the addition of access to free nicotine replacement therapy. Tob Control. 2006;15:286–93. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/4/286
392. Bauer JE, Carlin-Menter SM, Celestino P, Hyland A and Cummings KM. Giving away free nicotine medications and a cigarette substitute (Better Quit(R)) to promote calls to a Quitline. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice. 2006;12:60–7.
393. Ivers R, Farrington M, Burns C, Bailer R, D'Abbs P, Richmond R, et al. A study of the use of free nicotine patches by Indigenous people. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2003;27:486–90.
394. Lancaster T and Silagy C. Tobacco Addiction Module of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The Cochrane Collaboration. Oxford, 1998, viewed.
395. Ogilvie D and Petticrew M. Reducing social inequalities in smoking: can evidence inform policy? A pilot study. Tob Control. 2004;13:129–31. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/129
396. Victorian Smoking and Health Program. Submission to the Victorian Smoking and Health Program. Melbourne: Cancer Control Research Institute, 2001.
397. Rudd K, Macklin J and Roxon N. Rudd government tackles Indigenous smoking rates and health workforce in next down payments on closing the gap: Media Statement—20 March 2008. Canberra: 2008, viewed. Available from: http://www.alp.org.au/media/0308/msheagiapm200.php
398. Gilligan C, Sanson-Fisher R, Eades S and D'Este C. Antenatal smoking in vulnerable population groups: an area of need. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;27:664–71. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17999289
399. Windsor R, Woodby L, Miller T, Hardin J, Crawford M and DiClemente C. Effectiveness of Agency for Health Care Policy and Research clinical practice guideline and patient education methods for pregnant smokers in Medicaid maternity care. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:68–75.
400. Kelley K, Bond R and Abraham C. Effective Approaches to Persuading Pregnant Women to Quit Smoking: A Meta-analysis of Intervention Evaluation Studies. British Journal of Health Psychology. 2001;6:207–28.
401. Butler T and Milner L. The 2001 inmate health survey. Sydney: NSW Corrections Health Service, 2003.
402. Richmond R and Zwar N. Review of bupropion for smoking cessation: Invited review. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2003;22:203–20.
403. Richmond R, Taylor R and DeBono D. Inmate Quit Smoking Program. Sydney: School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, 2002.
404. Marsh D, Schroeder D, Dearden K, Stermin J and Stermin M. The power of positive deviance. Br Med J. 2004;329:1177–9.
405. Awofeso N, Irwin T and Forrest G. Using positive deviance techniques to improve smoking cessation outcomes in New South Wales prison settings. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 2008;19:72–3.
406. Okuyemi KS, Thomas JL, Hall S, Nollen NL, Richter KP, Jeffries SK, et al. To target or not to target? Smoking cessation in homeless populations: A pilot clinical trial Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2007;8:689–99.
407. Spector A, Alpert H and Karam-Hage M. Smoking cessation delivered by medical students is helpful to homeless population. Acad Psychiatry. 2007;31:402–5. Available from: http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/31/5/402
408. Campbell R, Starkey F, Holliday J, Audrey S, Bloor M, Parry-Langdon N, et al. An informal school-based peer-led intervention for smoking prevention in adolescence (ASSIST): a cluster randomised trial. The Lancet. 2008;371:1595–602. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-4SG0CT8-12-7&_cdi=4886&_user=10&_orig=search&_coverDate=05%2F16%2F2008&_sk=996280375&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzW-zSkWb&md5=62d1a32410d4c079588352bde2a3c44b&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
409. Juon HS, Ensminger ME and Sydnor KD. A longitudinal study of developmental trajectories to young adult cigarette smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002;66:303–14.
410. Gilman S, Martin L, Abrams D, Kawachi I, Kubzansky L, Loucks E, et al. Educational attainment and cigarette smoking: a causal association? Int J Epidemiol. 2008;Jan 6 Epub ahead of print Available from: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/dym250v1
411. Patterson JM, Eberly LE, Ding Y and Hargreaves M. Associations of smoking prevalence with individual and area level social cohesion. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58:692–7. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/58/8/692
412. Kawatchi I, Kennedy B and Glass R. Social capital and self-rated health: a contextual analysis. Am J Pub Health. 1999;89.
413. Miles R. Neighborhood disorder and smoking: Findings of a European urban survey Social Science & Medicine 2006;63:2464–75. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235925%232006%23999369990%23633190%23FLA%23&_cdi=5925&_pubType=J&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=48bf9264d5b6d0aaeda259443b1c03e2
414. Xue Y, Zimmerman MA and Caldwell CH. Neighborhood Residence and Cigarette Smoking Among Urban Youths: The Protective Role of Prosocial Activities. AJPH 2007 Available from: http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abstract/AJPH.2005.081307v1
415. United Nations General Resolution 55/2. United Nations Millennium Declaration 2000, 2000. Available from: www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf
416. Esson K and Leeder S. The Millenium development goals and tobacco control. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/economics/publications/mdg_book/en/index.html
417. Nonnemaker J and Sur M. Tobacco expenditures and child health and nutritional outcomes in rural Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65:2517–26.
418. Rasanathan K and Tukuitonga C. Tobacco smoking prevalence in Pacific Island countries and territories: a review N Z Med J. 2007;120:1263. Available from: 419. World Health Organization. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003, Last modified 2005 viewed October 2006. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/WHO_FCTC_english.pdf
420. Lawn S. Tobacco control policies, social inequality and mental health populations: time for a comprehensive treatment response. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2008;42:353–6.
421. Hurley SF and Mathews JP. Cost-effectiveness of the Australian National Tobacco Campaign. Tobacco Control. 2008;in peer review
422. Hurley S, Scollo M, Younie S, English DR and Swanson M. The potential for tobacco control to reduce PBS costs for smoking-related cardiovascular disease. Med J Aust. 2004;181:252–5. Available from: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/181_05_060904/hur10462_fm.html
423. Hurley S. The short-term impact of smoking cessation on myocardial infarction and stroke hospitalisations and costs in Australia. Med J Aust. 2005;183:13–7.
424. Hurley S and Matthews J. The Quit Benefits Model: a Markov model for assessing the health benefits and health care cost savings of quitting smoking. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation. 2007;5:2. Available from: http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/5/1/2
425. Magnus A, Mihalopoulos C and Carter R. Evaluation of Preventive Health Interventions: Report for Department of Treasury and Finance. Quote No F2006/00344. Melbourne: Health Economics Unit School of Health and Social Development Deakin University, 2008.
426. Taylor R and Clements M. The contribution of the decline in tobacco smoking to reduced lung cancer mortality in Australia; The contribution of reduction in tobacco smoking to the decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality in Australia; The contribution of changes in risk factors to the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Australia 1968–98, in Economics, A., Editor, Returns on Investment in Public Health: An epidemiological and economic analysis, Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 2003.
427. Abelson P and Applied Economics. Returns on Investment in Public Health. Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 2003.