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• Home
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
  • References
• Chapter 1 Trends in the prevalence of smoking
  • 1.1 A brief history of tobacco smoking in Australia
  • 1.2 Overview of major Australian data sets
  • 1.3 Prevalence of smoking—adults
  • 1.4 Prevalence of smoking—young adults
  • 1.5 Prevalence of smoking—middle-aged and older adults
  • 1.6 Prevalence of smoking—secondary students
  • 1.7 Trends in the prevalence of smoking by socioeconomic status
  • 1.8 Trends in prevalence of smoking by country of birth
  • 1.9 Prevalence of tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
  • 1.10 Prevalence of smoking in other high risk sub-groups of the population
  • 1.11 Prevalence of use of different types of tobacco product
  • 1.12 Future smoking rates?
  • 1.13 International comparisons of prevalence of smoking
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 2 Trends in tobacco consumption
  • 2.0 Introduction
  • 2.1 Production and trade data as a basis for estimating tobacco consumption
  • 2.2 Dutiable tobacco products as an estimate of tobacco consumption
  • 2.3 Self-reported measures of tobacco consumption
  • 2.4 Expenditure on tobacco products
  • 2.5 Industry sales figures as estimates for consumption
  • 2.6 Comparisons of quality and results using various estimates of tobacco consumption in Australia
  • 2.7 Per capita consumption in Australia compared with other countries
  • 2.8 Tobacco consumption not captured in government or industry figures
  • 2.9 Best estimate of recent tobacco consumption in Australia
  • 2.10 Factors driving reductions in tobacco consumption
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 3 The health effects of active smoking
  • 3.0 Background
  • 3.1 Tobacco—a leading preventable cause of death and disease
  • 3.2 Cardiovascular diseases
  • 3.3 Lung cancer
  • 3.4 Respiratory diseases
  • 3.5 Other cancers caused by or associated with smoking
  • 3.6 Reproductive health and smoking
  • 3.7 Pregnancy and smoking
  • 3.8 Infant health and smoking
  • 3.9 Increased susceptibility to infection in smokers
  • 3.10 Eye diseases
  • 3.11 Dental diseases
  • 3.12 Gastrointestinal diseases
  • 3.13 Bone density and risk of fractures
  • 3.14 Effects of smoking on the skin
  • 3.15 Smoking and complications in medical treatment
  • 3.16 Smoking and diabetes
  • 3.17 Poorer levels of general health
  • 3.18 Smoking, motor vehicle crashes and other injuries
  • 3.19 Burns and fires caused by tobacco use
  • 3.20 Tobacco poisoning
  • 3.21 Health effects for younger smokers
  • 3.22 Genetic influences on tobacco-caused disease
  • 3.23 Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline
  • 3.24 Lung disease, smoking and occupational exposures
  • 3.25 Air pollution, cigarette smoking and ill health
  • 3.26 Health effects of smoking brands that claim to deliver lower levels of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide
  • 3.27 Health effects of smoking tobacco in other forms
  • 3.28 Health 'benefits' of smoking?
  • 3.29 Morbidity (ill health) attributable to tobacco-caused disease
  • 3.30 Deaths attributable to tobacco by disease category
  • 3.31 Morbidity and mortality due to tobacco-caused disease and socioeconomic disadvantage
  • 3.32 Health effects of smoking other substances
  • 3.33 Health effects of chewing tobacco, and of other smokeless tobacco products
  • 3.34 Public perceptions of tobacco as a drug, and knowledge and beliefs about the health consequences of smoking
  • 3.35 Health benefits of cessation
  • 3.36 The global tobacco pandemic
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 4 The health effects of secondhand smoke
  • 4.1 Background
  • 4.2 What is secondhand smoke?
  • 4.3 What is in secondhand smoke?
  • 4.4 Cardiovascular disease and secondhand smoke
  • 4.5 Lung cancer and secondhand smoke
  • 4.6 Cancers of other sites
  • 4.7 Health effects of secondhand smoke for infants and children
  • 4.8 Effects of secondhand smoke on the respiratory system in adults
  • 4.9 Secondhand smoke and pregnancy
  • 4.10 Secondhand smoke and increased risk of infectious disease
  • 4.11 Secondhand smoke and diabetes
  • 4.12 Population prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke in the home
  • 4.13 Estimates of morbidity and mortality attributable to secondhand smoke
  • 4.14 Public attitudes to secondhand smoke
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 5 Factors influencing the uptake and prevention of smoking
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Stages in the uptake of smoking
  • 5.3 Factors influencing uptake by young people—overview
  • 5.4 Physiological aspects
  • 5.5 Individual personality traits and psychiatric influences
  • 5.6 Intentions, attitudes and beliefs
  • 5.7 The home environment
  • 5.8 The smoking behaviour of peers, and peer attitudes and norms
  • 5.9 The educational environment: achievements, aspirations and 'school connectedness'
  • 5.10 Other drug use
  • 5.11 Accessibility of tobacco products to young smokers
  • 5.12 Affordability of tobacco products
  • 5.13 Opportunity to smoke
  • 5.14 Cultural background
  • 5.15 Tobacco advertising and promotion targeted at young people
  • 5.16 Products and packaging created to appeal to new users
  • 5.17 Factors influencing uptake of smoking later in life
  • 5.18 Uptake—a concluding note
  • 5.19 What is meant by prevention?
  • 5.20 Approaches to youth smoking prevention
  • 5.21 Mass media strategies/campaigns
  • 5.22 Interactive technology and multimedia
  • 5.23 School-based interventions
  • 5.24 Peer influence and education
  • 5.25 Parent/family/home targeted interventions
  • 5.26 Reducing tobacco access and supply
  • 5.27 Reducing product appeal
  • 5.28 Promotion and visibility of tobacco
  • 5.29 Denormalising smoking
  • 5.30 Taxation and pricing of tobacco products
  • 5.31 Harnessing predictors of uptake to prevent smoking
  • 5.32 Preventing smoking in more 'at risk' groups
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 6 Addiction
  • 6.0 Introduction
  • 6.1 Defining nicotine as a drug of addiction
  • 6.2 The physiological effects of nicotine
  • 6.3 Psychoactive effects of nicotine
  • 6.4 Influence of genetic factors on addiction
  • 6.5 Measures of dependence
  • 6.6 The association between addiction and socioeconomic status
  • 6.7 Addiction and the adolescent smoker
  • 6.8 Tobacco 'chippers'
  • 6.9 Nicotine withdrawal syndrome
  • 6.10 Nicotine and other drug use
  • 6.11 Smokers' attitudes to and beliefs about addiction
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 7 Smoking cessation
  • 7.0 Introduction
  • 7.1 Quitting activity
  • 7.2 Health and other benefits of quitting
  • 7.3 The process of quitting
  • 7.4 Assistance with quitting
  • 7.5 Intensity of intervention
  • 7.6 Cost-effectiveness analysis of smoking interventions
  • 7.7 Personal factors associated with quitting
  • 7.8 External factors associated with quitting
  • 7.9 Policy measures associated with quitting
  • 7.10 Role of general practice and other health professional settings
  • 7.11 Methods, services and products for quitting—methods
  • 7.12 Methods, services and products for quitting—self-help printed and electronic resources
  • 7.13 Methods, services and products for quitting—Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
  • 7.14 Methods, services and products for quitting—telephone advice and assistance
  • 7.15 Methods, services and products for quitting—more intensive support
  • 7.16 Pharmacotherapy
  • 7.17 Combined interventions
  • 7.18 Unproven methods
  • 7.19 Interventions for special groups
  • 7.20 Towards a national cessation strategy
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 8 Tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
  • 8.0 Introductory note
  • 8.1 Overview
  • 8.2 History of tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
  • 8.3 Prevalence of tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
  • 8.4 Smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and teenagers
  • 8.5 Types of tobacco used by and levels of consumption among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
  • 8.6 Cessation
  • 8.7 Morbidity and mortality caused by smoking among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
  • 8.8 Economic and social issues relating to tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Straits Islanders
  • 8.9 Attitudes to and beliefs about smoking
  • 8.10 Interventions targeting Aboriginal peoples and Torres Straits Islanders
  • 8.11 The relationship between tobacco and other drug use in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities
  • 8.12 The tobacco industry and Indigenous communities
  • 8.13 Policy recommendations for advancing tobacco control programs among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 9 Smoking and social disadvantage
  • 9.0 Introduction
  • 9.1 Socioeconomic position and disparities in tobacco exposure and use
  • 9.2 Socioeconomic disparities in tobacco exposure and use: are the gaps widening?
  • 9.3 Contribution of smoking to health inequality
  • 9.4 The relationship between tobacco smoking and financial stress
  • 9.5 Smoking and intergenerational poverty
  • 9.6 Smoking, ill health, financial stress and smoking-related poverty among highly disadvantaged groups
  • 9.7 Explanations of socioeconomic disparities in smoking
  • 9.8 Are current strategies to discourage smoking in Australia inequitable?
  • 9.9 Are there inequalities in access to and usage of treatment for dependence on tobacco-delivered nicotine?
  • 9.10 Further initiatives to reduce tobacco-related disparities in Australia
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 10 The tobacco industry in Australian society
  • 10.1 The global tobacco manufacturing industry
  • 10.2 The manufacturing industry in Australia
  • 10.3 Retail value and volume of the market
  • 10.4 The tobacco companies operating in Australia
  • 10.5 Major importers operating in the Australian market
  • 10.6 Market share and brand share
  • 10.7 Trends in products and packaging
  • 10.8 The tobacco growing industry
  • 10.9 The tobacco industry and the illegal tobacco market
  • 10.10 The tobacco industry exposed: tobacco industry document repositories
  • 10.11 Corporate responsibility and the birth of good corporate citizenship
  • 10.12 The tobacco industry's revised stance on health issues
  • 10.13 Encouraging young people not to smoke
  • 10.14 The environmental impact of tobacco production
  • 10.15 Ethical farming issues
  • 10.16 The environmental impact of tobacco use
  • 10.17 The tobacco industry's response to tobacco litter
  • 10.18 Corporate links with charities and social causes
  • 10.19 Tobacco industry lobbying—overview
  • 10.20 Tobacco industry lobbying—the tools
  • 10.21 Tobacco industry lobbying—the targets
  • 10.22 Donations to political parties
  • 10.23 Public attitudes to the tobacco industry
  • 10.24 The future of the tobacco industry
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 11 Tobacco advertising and promotion
  • 11.0 Background
  • 11.1 The merits of banning tobacco advertising
  • 11.2 Tobacco industry expenditure on advertising
  • 11.3 Federal legislation
  • 11.4 State and territory legislation
  • 11.5 Tobacco advertising legislation violations
  • 11.6 Marketing of tobacco in the age of advertising bans
  • References
  • Attachment 11.1 TAP Act report to Parliament
• Chapter 12 The construction and labelling of Australian cigarettes
  • 12.0 Introduction
  • 12.1 Tobacco in Australian cigarettes
  • 12.2 Measuring cigarette smoke constituents
  • 12.3 Labelling of 'tar', nicotine and carbon monoxide yields of Australian cigarettes
  • 12.4 General engineering features of Australian cigarettes and their relation to compensatory smoking
  • 12.5 Comparison of Australian and United States cigarettes
  • 12.6 Comparison of Australian cigarettes in different yield categories
  • 12.7 Additives in Australian cigarettes
  • 12.8 Flavoured cigarettes
  • 12.9 Specific carcinogens and cardiovascular toxicants in Australian cigarettes
  • 12.10 Concluding remarks
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Attachment 12.1 Health warnings
  • Attachment 12.1 References
  • Attachment 12.2 Reduced fire risk (RFR) cigarettes
  • Attachment 12.2 References
  • Attachment 12.3 Smokeless tobacco and harm reduction
  • Attachment 12.3 References
• Chapter 13 The pricing and taxation of tobacco products in Australia
  • 13.0 Introduction
  • 13.1 Price elasticity of demand for tobacco products
  • 13.2 Tobacco taxes in Australia
  • 13.3 The price of tobacco products in Australia
  • 13.4 The affordability of tobacco products
  • 13.5 Impact of price increases on tobacco consumption in Australia
  • 13.6 Revenue from tobacco taxes in Australia
  • 13.7 Evasion of taxes on tobacco products
  • 13.8 Tobacco industry arguments against tax increases
  • 13.9 Smuggling a result of tax increases?
  • 13.10 A regressive tax?
  • 13.11 A threat to government revenue?
  • 13.12 Future directions for reform of tobacco taxes
  • 13.13 Hypothecation
  • 13.14 Public opinion about tobacco tax increases
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Attachment 13.1 Legislation relevant to tobacco taxation mentioned in this chapter: Commonwealth
  • Attachment 13.2 Legislation mentioned in this chapter: States and territories
• Chapter 14 Social marketing and public education campaigns
  • 14.0 Introduction
  • 14.1 Social marketing and public education campaigns
  • 14.2 The role of social marketing and public education campaigns within a comprehensive tobacco control program
  • 14.3 Tobacco control campaigns in Australia: experience and effectiveness
  • 14.4 Examining effectiveness of public education campaigns
  • 14.5 Understanding how campaigns work
  • 14.6 Developing, implementing and evaluating tobacco control campaigns
  • 14.7 Challenges and opportunities for tobacco control campaigns
  • Acknowledgments
  • Attachment 14.1 National, State and Territory Contacts
  • References
• Chapter 15 Smokefree environments
  • 15.0 Introduction
  • 15.1 Why implement smokefree environments?
  • 15.2 Public opinion about smokefree environments
  • 15.3 Opposition to and weakening of smokefree environment legislation
  • 15.4 Overview of key public areas and environments
  • 15.5 Outdoor areas
  • 15.6 Domestic environments
  • 15.7Legislation
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 16 Tobacco litigation in Australia
  • 16.1 Personal injury claims against the tobacco industry
  • 16.2 Other litigation involving the tobacco industry
  • 16.3 Litigation relating to injury from exposure to second-hand smoke
  • Attachment 16.1 McCabe v British American Tobacco and its aftermath
  • Attachment 16.2 Australian cases on exposure to secondhand smoke in which compensation has been paid, 1986 to 2006
• Chapter 17 The economics of tobacco control
  • 17.0 Introduction
  • 17.1 The economic rationale for intervention in the tobacco market
  • 17.2 The various costs of tobacco use
  • 17.3 The costs of smoking to Australian society
  • 17.4 Benefits of tobacco to the economy?
  • 17.5 Economic analysis, economic evaluation and economic modelling of tobacco control policies and interventions
  • 17.6 Do tobacco control strategies cause economic hardship in particular segments of the economy?
  • 17.7 How much should be invested in tobacco control?
  • 17.8 What would be the benefits of increased investment in tobacco control?
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 18 The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
  • 18.0 Background to the FCTC
  • 18.1 Overview of the FCTC
  • 18.2 Guiding principles and general obligations
  • 18.3 Measures relating to the reduction of demand for tobacco: price and tax measures
  • 18.4 Measures relating to the reduction of demand for tobacco: non-price measures
  • 18.5 Measures relating to the reduction of the supply of tobacco
  • 18.6 Other obligations
  • 18.7 Implementation and development of the FCTC: decisions of the Conference of the Parties
  • 18.8 Enforcement of the FCTC
  • 18.9 What the FCTC means for Australia
  • References
• Appendix 1 Useful weblinks to tobacco resources
  • A1.12 Some key peer-review journals

• Home
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• Chapter 1
  Trends in the prevalence of smoking
• Chapter 2
  Trends in tobacco consumption
• Chapter 3
  The health effects of active smoking
• Chapter 4
  The health effects of secondhand smoke
• Chapter 5
  Factors influencing the uptake and prevention of smoking
• Chapter 6
  Addiction
• Chapter 7
  Smoking cessation
• Chapter 8
  Tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
• Chapter 9
  Smoking and social disadvantage
• Chapter 10
  The tobacco industry in Australian society
• Chapter 11
  Tobacco advertising and promotion
• Chapter 12
  The construction and labelling of Australian cigarettes
• Chapter 13
  The pricing and taxation of tobacco products in Australia
• Chapter 14
  Social marketing and public education campaigns
• Chapter 15
  Smokefree environments
• Chapter 16
  Tobacco litigation in Australia
• Chapter 17
  The economics of tobacco control
• Chapter 18
  The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
• Appendix 1
  Useful weblinks to tobacco resources