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13A.4 How can the extent of avoidance and evasion be quantified?
Foreword

Relevant news and research: How can the extent of avoidance and evasion be quantified?

Abdullah, S. M., Siddiqi, Z., Huque, R., Kanaan, M. and Siddiqi, K. (2025). The Extent of Illicit Tobacco Trade in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) - a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40123374


Ribeiro, V. V., Szklo, A. S., Grilo, G., Welding, K., Pinho, M., Andreis, M. and Castro, I. B. (2024). Cigarette butts to estimate the illicit cigarette consumption proportion in a major Brazilian city. Int J Drug Policy, 104692. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39729706


 

Intro
Chapter 2