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13A.4 How can the extent of avoidance and evasion be quantified?
Foreword

Relevant news and research: How can the extent of avoidance and evasion be quantified?

Phyo, P. P., Walker, N., Ao, B. T., Sbai, E. and Bullen, C. (2026). Economic and econometric methods to measure the illicit tobacco trade: A scoping review. PLOS Glob Public Health, 3, e0006118. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41871112


Klosterhalfen, S. and Kotz, D. (2025). Proportionate income spent on nicotine and tobacco products and the use of untaxed cigarettes in Germany: findings from a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Public Health, 2, e003340. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41431619


Zyambo, C., Phiri, M. M., Mwamulela, W., Zulu, R., Maka, M., Camara, A., Ogolla, S., Ali, S. J., Pokothoane, R., Ross, H., Goma, F. M. and Mdege, N. D. (2025). Estimating the Size of Illicit Cigarette Trade and Tax Evasion in Zambia: Results from the Empty Pack Survey Method. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41385276


Lungu, C., Heuvelman, H., Crosby, S., Jaques, C. and Bewick, B. M. (2025). Consumers of illicit tobacco in West Yorkshire (UK): A repeated cross-sectional analysis of novel epidemiological data. Public Health, 106035. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41270353


Phyo, P. P. and Bullen, C. (2025). Trends in the illicit tobacco market in New Zealand: a consumption gap analysis. BMJ Public Health, 2, e002853. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40919023


Schroth, K. R. J., Tomaino, M., Gonsalves, N. J., Blinova, A., Khadke, V., Ackerman, C. and Delnevo, C. D. (2025). Cigarette trafficking in New York City: now and then. Tob Control. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40858503


Mdege, N. D., Tchoupe, C., Pokothoane, R., Mirindi, D. M., Miderho, C. C., Sams, K., Shamba, P. B., Kandate, E., Milambo, P. and Ross, H. (2025). The illicit cigarette market in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): Findings from a cross-sectional study of empty cigarette packs. PLOS Glob Public Health, 6, e0003937. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40561049


Scollo, M. (2025). Improving estimates of the illicit cigarette trade through collaboration: lessons from two studies of Malaysia. Tob Control, 2, 278-279. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40169193


Abdullah, S. M., Siddiqi, Z., Huque, R., Kanaan, M. and Siddiqi, K. (2025). The Extent of Illicit Tobacco Trade in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) - a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40123374


Ribeiro, V. V., Szklo, A. S., Grilo, G., Welding, K., Pinho, M., Andreis, M. and Castro, I. B. (2024). Cigarette butts to estimate the illicit cigarette consumption proportion in a major Brazilian city. Int J Drug Policy, 104692. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39729706


Earlier news and research

For news items and research on this topic earlier than 2025, click here.

Intro
Chapter 2