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18.4 Safety risks and abuse potential of e-cigarettes
Foreword

Relevant news and research: Safety risks and abuse potential of e-cigarettes

Lee, J. A., Min Lee, C. and Cho, H. J. (2026). Comparison of nicotine dependence between exclusive, dual, and triple tobacco users among Korean adults: A cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42145982


Pranto, S. I., Fassler, B., Islam, M. R., Schenkel, A., Hawk, L. W. and Sazonov, E. (2026). FRIENDS GUI: A Graphical User Interface for Data Collection and Visualization of Vaping Behavior from a Passive Vaping Monitor. J Open Res Softw. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42137173


Teng, J., Huang, S., Zheng, W., Wang, X., He, Y., Wang, J. and Qin, Y. (2026). Deep learning-assisted SERS for detection of propoxate and isopropoxate in E-cigarettes. RSC Adv, 30, 27666-27677. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42205279


Dai, H. D., Guastello, P. and Mahabee-Gittens, E. M. (2026). Associations of Nicotine Concentration Levels in E-cigarettes and Tobacco Dependence among U.S. Adults. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41947365


Lund, K. E. and Vedoy, T. F. (2026). What is the Addictive Potential from Vaping?. Nordisk Alkohol Nark, 14550725261437029. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41938759


Mokhtar, J., Cazenave, M. G., Henderson, D., Alshemeili, J., Vyas, K. S., Cetrulo, C. L. and Lellouch, A. G. (2026). The burden and characteristics of burn injuries associated with electronic nicotine delivery systems: A systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis. Burns, 5, 107982. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41950739


Usman, A. F. and Khaja, S. F. (2026). The Hidden Hazards of Vaping. Laryngoscope. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42049509


Blakney, A. M., Griggs, E., Farrell, S., Lindsey, K. and Chang, J. T. (2026). Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) battery-related explosions and burns presenting to United States Emergency Departments, 2020-2024. Prev Med, 108563. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41875938


Rosen, P. E., Bartsche, D. R., Leonard, J. B., Greller, H. A., Ruck, B. E. and Calello, D. P. (2026). Pediatric Nicotine Exposures Reported to US Poison Centers. JAMA Netw Open, 3, e260479. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41779398


Sajeev, M. F., Roberts, D. M., Wright, N. E. and Brown, J. A. (2026). AusVapeSafety: a prospective observational study of vape exposures and outcomes to an Australian Poisons Information Centre. Clin Toxicol (Phila), 4, 301-310. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41801154


Bode, S., Feuerriegel, D., Yook, J. and Jongenelis, M. I. (2026). Exposure to Vape Products Elicits Neural Activity Patterns Indicative of Approach Motivation Among Young People. Addict Biol, 2, e70130. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41699703


Office for Product Safety and Standards (2026). My safety: using and disposing of vapes. UK Government. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/my-safety-using-and-disposing-of-vapes


Martin, J. and Schumann, J. L. (2026). Emerging Risks of Nitazene-Adulterated Vapes in Australia: Balancing Regulation, Access and Harm Reduction. Drug Alcohol Rev, 1, e70081. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41582012


Moon, L. and Boettcher, L. (2026). Litter Report FY25. . Available from: https://www.cleanup.org.au/litter-report/


Youn, S. and Anderson, B. A. (2026). Orienting bias towards electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) cues. Addict Behav Rep, 100649. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41492284


(2025). Nicotine addiction and e-cigarettes. Arch Dis Child, 1, 26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41397838


Raad, D. C. J., Koome, A. M., Baser, Y. E., Borm, F. J., Croes, E. A., Cohen, D. and van Bodegom, D. (2025). Frequent, dual and nighttime nicotine use among Dutch adolescents: findings from a school-based survey. Eur J Pediatr, 12, 816. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41331134


Sharma, E., Dubsky, J., Garcia-Rosales, K. V., Halenar, M., Benson, A. F., Maki, A., Ruybal, A. L., Morse, A. L., Sawdey, M. D., Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, R., Skara, S., Ntim, S. A., Chang, H. W., Aung, T. W., Kimmel, H. L., Pearson, J. L., Bansal-Travers, M., Taylor, K. A., Hyland, A. and Novotny, T. E. (2025). Disposal practices of cigarettes and electronic nicotine products among adults, findings from Wave 6 (2021) of the PATH Study. PLoS One, 12, e0338007. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41364653


Blakney, A. M., Griggs, E., Farrell, S., Carr, C. D. and Chang, J. T. (2025). Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Liquid Nicotine exposure in children under 5 years of age presenting to U.S. emergency departments, 2019-2024. Am J Prev Med, 108189. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41241159


Morean, M. E., Ouellette, R. R., Li, W. and Sharma, A. (2025). Psychometric properties of the Nicotine E-cigarette Withdrawal Scale for use with adults. Drug Alcohol Depend, 112968. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41260026


Shalihin, M. S. E., Md Rifin, S. and Mohd Sabri, N. I. B. (2025). Acute nicotine poisoning in a 2-year-old child - A case report of a near-death event. Malays Fam Physician, 67. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41209452


Ashley Dalton MP (2025). Young people given stark warning on deadly risks of taking drugs. . Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/young-people-given-stark-warning-on-deadly-risks-of-taking-drugs


Iturralde, K., Karunarathne, S., Selby, P. and Zawertailo, L. (2025). A Review of the Environmental Impacts of Post-Consumer Electronic Cigarette Waste and Disposal. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41081744


Wynn, L. L., Barron, C., Bell, K. and Keane, H. (2025). 'The best spin': Discourses of vaping intoxication, pleasure, and 'poisoning'. Int J Drug Policy, 105024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41061438


Jimenez-Ruiz, C. A., Gaga, M. and de Granda-Orive, J. I. (2025). Vaping With or Without Nicotine is Always Addictive. Open Respir Arch, 3, 100478. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40979815


Liu, J., Shan, Z., Jian, X. and Kan, B. (2025). Case Report: A case of sudden death due to occupational nicotine poisoning: clinical presentation and MRI findings. Front Pharmacol, 1567380. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40926994


Bates, N., Towner, H. and Edwards, J. N. (2025). Electronic cigarette or e-liquid (vape liquid) exposure in dogs: 321 cases (2011-2024). J Small Anim Pract. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40789670


Horton, H. (2025). Vape sellers to pay disposable costs under plans to end UK's 'throwaway culture'. The Guardian,  ,  . Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/aug/12/vape-sellers-pay-disposal-costs-plans-end-uk-throwaway-culture


Bucci, C., Puoti, M. G., Quitadamo, P., Turco, R. and Isoldi, S. (2025). Microplate ingestion from E-cigarettes: A true risk for children? A case series. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40635289


Ng, C. Z., Hamood Said Al-Aamari, H., Low, L. T. K. and Zhang, M. W. (2025). The emerging landscape of etomidate e-cigarettes use. Addiction. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40740069


Olivas, M., Hays, H. L., Kistamgari, S., Rine, N. I., Zhu, M., Yang, J. and Smith, G. A. (2025). Nicotine Ingestions Among Young Children: 2010-2023. Pediatrics, 2. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40658193


Popova, L., Cham, B., Massey, Z. B., Tran, T. P. T., Alqahtani, M. M., Fairman, R. T., Luo, R., Weaver, S. R. and Ashley, D. L. (2025). Prevalence and reasons for electronic nicotine delivery systems modifications among U.S. youth, young adult, and adult users. Sci Rep, 1, 24592. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40628814


Prevette, K., Jordan, K. G., Keyser, B. M., Kanobe, M. N., Jin, T., Ayoku, S., Darnell, J., Makena, P. and Baxter, S. A. (2025). Randomized clinical studies assessing the pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of vuse alto electronic nicotine delivery systems. Sci Rep, 1, 21711. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40593024


Adebisi, Y. A., Jimoh, N. D. and Ngoma, C. (2025). 'E-cigarette smoking' is a misleading term: a critical review of its use in academic literature. Intern Emerg Med. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40533720


Cozier, G. E., Gardner, M., Craft, S., Skumlien, M., Spicer, J., Andrews, R., Power, A., Haines, T., Bowman, R., Manley, A. E., Sunderland, P., Sutcliffe, O. B., Husbands, S. M., Hines, L., Taylor, G., Freeman, T. P., Scott, J. and Pudney, C. R. (2025). Synthetic cannabinoids in e-cigarettes seized from English schools. Addiction. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40574414


Kalan, E., Queen, T. L., Mendel Sheldon, J. R., Hall, M. G., Sheeran, P. J., Ribisl, K. M. and Brewer, N. T. (2025). Development of survey measures of uncontrolled vaping and vaping restraint. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40488434


Mary Creagh CBE MP (2025). Single-use vapes banned from 1 June 2025. . Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-use-vapes-banned-from-1-june-2025


Milstred, A. R., Bohland, J., Douglas, A. E., Smith, M. and Blank, M. D. (2025). Abuse Liability of Electronic Cigarettes in Never-Smoking Electronic Cigarette Users. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40392606


St Helen, G., Havel, C., Addo, N., Criner, N., Jacob, P., 3rd and Benowitz, N. (2025). Using a loose-leaf vaporizer to study tobacco-cannabis co-administration: A proof-of-concept study. Drug Alcohol Depend, 112678. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40328077


Appolon, G. E., Suess, S., Xayavong, A., Galvez, N. L., Dodder, N. G., Hoh, E., Quintana, P. J. E. and Oren, E. (2025). Assessing Nicotine Exposure in Users and Non-Users of Electronic Cigarettes Through Silicone Wristbands. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40238443


Freystatter, C., Staud, C., Fast, A., Tratnig-Frankl, P., Ihra, G. and Radtke, C. (2025). Fake smoke, real fire: a retrospective single-center analysis of the underestimated risk of e-cigarette explosions and the typical burn patterns. Wien Klin Wochenschr. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40298981


Temourian, A. A., Song, A. V. and Epperson, A. E. (2025). Assessing Perceptions and Behaviors Related to Vaping Nicotine: The Nicotine Addiction Perceptions Scale. Tob Use Insights, 1179173X251336468. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40297508


Fellows, T. (2025). Vapes a wealth hazard. The Courier Mail. Available from:


Murray, L., Scavnicky, M. K., Korponay, C., Lukas, S. E., Frederick, B. B. and Janes, A. C. (2025). Brain reactivity to nicotine cues mediates the link between resting-state connectivity and cue-induced craving in individuals who smoke or vape nicotine. Neuropsychopharmacology. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40082646


Office of the Queensland Parlimentary Counsel (2025). Health Legislation Amendment Bill. . Available from: https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/whole/html/bill.first/bill-2024-057


The Honourable Tim Nicholls (2025). A Fresh Start for Queensland: New Bill to put clinicians in charge and destroy illegal vapes. . Available from: https://statements.qld.gov.au/statements/102170


Clean Up Australia (2025). Litter Report FY24. . Available from: https://irp.cdn-website.com/ed061800/files/uploaded/CleanUpAustralia_LitterReport_FY24_FINAL.pdf


Douglas, A. E., Milstred, A. R., Krom, P., King, A., Cherkasova, M. V. and Blank, M. D. (2025). Electronic cigarette cue reactivity in exclusive electronic cigarette users. Drug Alcohol Depend, 112583. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39908651


Hines, F. (2025). California takes aim at vape waste with statewide ban. CALPIRG. Available from: https://pirg.org/california/articles/california-takes-aim-at-vape-waste-with-statewide-ban/


Vaccari Bongetta, G. N., Ferreira Franca, R., Pozzolo Pedro, M. O., Leopoldo, K., Florence, L. L. A., Blaas, I. K., Koch Gimenes, G., Torales, J., Ventriglio, A., de Berardis, D. and Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. (2025). Exploring the Practice of Dual Vaping: Health Risks and Behavioral Patterns in Nicotine and Cannabis E-Cigarette Users. Brain Sci, 2. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40002430


Akinola, L. S., Buzzi, B., Kalck, E., Le, K., Klein, S., Vaughn, J., Basir, J., Poklis, J., Whiteaker, P., Shelton, K. L. and Damaj, M. I. (2025). Characterization of a novel oronasal-restricted nicotine vaping self-administration model in mice. Neuropharmacology, 110315. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39832529


Kundu, A., Sanchez, S., Seth, S., Feore, A., Sutton, M., Sachdeva, K., Abu-Zarour, N., Chaiton, M. and Schwartz, R. (2025). Evidence update on e-cigarette dependence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addict Behav, 108243. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39826373


Matt, G. E., Greiner, L., Tran, K., Gibbons, J., Vingiello, M., Stigler Granados, P., Shadbegian, R. and Novotny, T. E. (2025). Estimating the accumulation and re-accumulation of commercial tobacco, electronic cigarette, and cannabis waste based on a stratified random sample of census blocks. PLoS One, 1, e0313241. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39761231


Miloslavich, K., Brett, E. I., Fridberg, D. J. and King, A. C. (2025). Examining Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Cue Reactivity Using a Remote Platform: Cigarette and ENDS Desire in Dual Users. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39826089


Dempsey, R. K., Zia, K., Elliott, R. A., Noghrehchi, F. and Wong, A. (2024). Trends in e-cigarette exposures reported to an Australian poisons information centre between 2017 and 2023 with a reflection on legislative changes in 2021. Int J Drug Policy, 104684. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39700670


Piasecki, T. M., Korcarz, C. E., Hansen, K. M., Bolt, D. M., Fiore, M. C., Stein, J. H. and Baker, T. B. (2024). Validity of the E-Cigarette Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (e-WISDM) in Exclusive E-Cigarette Users: Evidence from a Laboratory Self-Administration Study. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39697095


Earlier news and research

For news items and research on this topic earlier than 2025, click here.

Intro
Chapter 2