A meta-analysis published in 2011 found that in patients receiving long-term haemodialysis (use of an artificial kidney machine to clean the blood) or peritoneal dialysis (an alternative to haemodialysis, uses the lining of the abdomen to clean the blood), smoking increased the death rate by 65%.1 Smoking is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, respiratory failure, chronic lung disease, cancer, vascular disease and chronic lung disease in people receiving dialysis.2
A 2019 meta-analysis and systematic review found that burns patients who smoke have higher rates of complications compared to non-smokers, including an increased risk of intubation (insertion of a tube through the mouth to support artificial breathing) and skin infections.3
For the effects of smoking on the treatment of infertility including assisted reproduction, see Section 3.6.3. For the effects of smoking on contraception, see Section 3.6.4.
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References
1. Liebman SE, Lamontagne SP, Huang LS, Messing S, and Bushinsky DA. Smoking in dialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 2011; 58(2):257-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21664017
2. Bek SG, Marschner S, Sud K, Johnson DW, Chow CK, et al. Cigarette smoking and adverse health outcomes in patients treated with maintenance dialysis. Nephrology, 2023; 28(1):21-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36222366
3. Klifto KM, Shetty PN, Slavin BR, Gurno CF, Seal SM, et al. Impact of nicotine/smoking, alcohol, and illicit substance use on outcomes and complications of burn patients requiring hospital admission: systematic review and meta-analysis. Burns, 2020; 46(7):1498-524. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31818513