2.10 Factors driving changes in tobacco consumption

Changes in per capitaconsumption of tobacco products result from the combined effects of:

  1. changes in the proportion of people in the population who regularly smoke and
  2. changes in the amounts of tobacco smoked by regular smokers.

Figure 2.10.1 plots changes in smoking prevalence against reported numbers of cigarettes smoked by regular smokers since 1980.

 

Figure 2.10.1

Figure 2.10.1
Proportion of people regularly smoking compared to self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day, 1980 to 2010

Sources: Hill and Gray 1982;1 Hill and Gray 1984;2 Hill 1988;3 Hill, White and Gray 1988; 4 Hill, White and Gray 1991;5 Hill and White 1995;6 Hill, White and Scollo 1998; 7 White et al 2003; 8 AIHW 2002,9 2005, 10 2008,11 201112

Note: CBRC re-analysis of data from surveys conducted by the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria between 1980 and 19981,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and the National Drug Strategy Household Survey 20019 200410 200711 and 201012

Reported consumption per smoker increased in the 1980s at the same time as prevalence of smoking declined. Between 1992 and 1998 reported consumption fell while prevalence stayed flat. Prevalence and consumption appear to have fallen in parallel between 1989 and 1992 and between 1998 and 2004. Reported consumption appears to have flattened since 2004 and 2010, while prevalence has continued to decline. (These observations are consistent with data presented in Table 2.2.6 in Section 2.2, which are based on excise receipts rather than reported consumption.)

Changes over time in the proportion of people smoking and the amounts smoked by (remaining) regular smokers are driven by factors including:

  • demographic trends such as the post-war baby boom and increasing life expectancy
  • marketing practices of tobacco companies, including promotion and the nature of the product itself, both of which can increase the uptake of smoking and resumption of smoking among those who have quit
  • characteristics of smokers who quit versus those who continue to smoke
  • the affordability of tobacco products driven by economic trends, industry pricing, and government excise and customs duties and other charges and taxes
  • the effects of other policy measures introduced by government
  • changing social factors such as increasing public awareness of the health risks of smoking and levels of public tolerance about exposure to tobacco smoke.

Each of these factors is touched on in Section 2.10.1 and discussed in more detail in Section 2.10.2.

2.10.1 Stages of tobacco consumption in Australia

Per capita consumption of tobacco appears to have gone through a number of stages in Australia as indicated by the trend-lines in Figure 2.10.2.

 

Figure 2.10.2

Figure 2.10.2
Tobacco products dutied for sale per person 15 years and over, Australia, 1906 to 2009–10 (grams): 1910 to 1945, 1946 to 1961, 1962 to 1982, 1983 to 2000, 2001 to 2010

Sources:

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on excise clearances
i. Excise reports: comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1907–1912 (calendar years),13 1911 to 1918–19,14 1919–20 to 1928–29,15 1929–30 to 1938–39,16
ii. Excise reports: Quantity of spirits, beer, tobacco etc on which duty was paid in the years 1939–40 to 1948–49,17 1949–50 to 1953–54,18 1954–55 to 1958–59,19 1958–59 to 1962–6320
iii. Overseas trade bulletins: quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid, 1963–64 to 1967–68,21 1968–69 to 1972–7322 and 1972–73 to 1976–7723

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data on excise clearances

iv. Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1973–74 to 1986–8724–33
v. Excise data for Australian tobacco products supplied to author by John Broweleit, ABS, for July 1977 to June 1981, 1981 to 1988 and 1988 to 1993 on 2 February 1995 and for July 1993 to June 1994 on 2 December 1994
vi. Excise data (month-by-month) for Australian tobacco products since 1994, supplied to author by International Trade Section, ABS, 14 August 1997,13 March 1998 and monthly by electronic subscriptionbetween 1998 and 200334

Australian Institute of Health and welfare

vii. Excise receipts supplied by Australian Taxation Office to AIHW for Drug use in Australia 200635 and 201012

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on customs clearances
a. Annual statement of the trade of the Commonwealth of Australia, general imports–Australia, 1903,36 190437 and 190538
b. Trade and customs and excise revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia, Imports–Australia, 190639 to 191340-45 and 1914–15 to 1920–2146-52
c. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian statistics of oversea imports and exports and customs and excise revenue, Imports–Australia, 1920–21 and 1921–2253 through 1922–23 and 1923–24 to 1936–37 to 1937–3854–69
d. Overseas trade and customs and excise revenue, Imports–Australia, 1937–38 and 1938–39 to 1948–49 and 1949–5070-82
e. Overseas Trade Statistics: imports Cleared for Home Consumption–Australia 1950–51 to1958–5983-90
f. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletins, 1959–60 to 1972–7391-104

Australian Bureau of Statistics data on customs duty

g. Imports cleared for home consumption, 1973–74 to 1977–78105-109
h . Imports cleared for home consumption –Australia 1978–79 to 1980–81110–112
i. International Trade Branch, Import clearance data for Australian tobacco products, 1981–82 to 1987–88, and 1988–89 to 1993–94 supplied to author by John Broweleit, ABS, 2 December 1994 and 2 February 1995
j. Annual customs data from 1995 supplied on request to author by ABS Information service on 1st August 2007

Notes on excise and customs duty

Figures before 1966 were recorded in imperial weights but have been converted to kilograms in this table.

It should be noted that excise data on roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco products was for many years compiled from at least two different product codes. Pipe tobacco and chewing tobacco appear to have been coded together with RYO over some periods of time and separately in others. In many years, some pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco and even possibly RYO tobacco may have been incorrectly coded to one or more 'other' (miscellaneous) codes (letter to author from P Holt, Australian Customs Service, clarifying coding of RYO tobacco products, 11 October 1996). It is therefore not possible to be confident about historical data for individual product types.

Suggested citation for those reproducing this table

Scollo M. Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption. In: Scollo M and Winstanley M, eds. Tobacco in Australia, facts and issues. Melbourne, Australia: Cancer Council Victoria, 2012. Figure 2.10.2, Tobacco products dutied for sale per person 15 years and over, Australia, 1906 to 2009–10 (grams): 1910 to 1945, 1946 to 1961, 1962 to 1982, 1983 to 2000, 2001 to 2010. Produced using data in historical publications published by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, publications produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and AIHW and data provided by the ABS.
See Section 2.10

2.10.1.1 Increases in consumption in the inter-war and post-war periods

Figure 2.10.2 shows that overall per capita consumption of tobacco products in Australia dipped in the wake of shortages during Depression years and immediately following World War II, and then rose steadily until the early 1960s. The increase between the late 1940s and early 1960s can be attributed to the combined effect of:

  • rising levels of affluence and disposable income during the 1950s combined with little increase in the real price of tobacco products, resulting in cigarettes becoming more affordable–see Chapter 13, Section 13.3
  • progressive increases in marketing to and subsequent use of tobacco products by women
  • progressive increases in marketing and subsequent use of factory-made cigarettes by men as well as by women–much more convenient to smoke than roll-your-own and other tobacco products–leading to higher consumption per smoker.
  • Per capita consumption of tobacco products peaked in Australia in 1960 following the introduction of television and before the restriction of broadcasting of tobacco advertisements–see Chapter 11, Section 11.0.
  • It is possible that early media coverage about the health risks of smoking in publications such as the Reader's Digest may have contributed to a number of short-term dips in consumption in the late 1950s.

2.10.1.2 Trends in consumption during the 1960s and 1970s

Figure 2.10.2 shows a marked decline in per capita consumption in the early and mid-1960s, which was the time during which landmark reports about the health effects of smoking were released in Britain (in 1962113) and in the US (in 1964114 and 1967115). Per capita consumption rallied again over the 1970s as the baby boomers 'came of age', many seeing smoking as a badge of rebellion in the so-called 'youth revolution', and a marker of the sexual liberation and economic emancipation of women.116 The early 1970s also saw more vigorous marketing of tobacco products on billboards, through sponsorships and in magazines following the phasing out of advertising on TV and radio–see Chapter 11, Section 11.0.

2.10.1.3 Trends in consumption during the 1980s and 1990s

Per capita consumption of tobacco products reduced steeply over the 1980s and 1990s following the commencement of Quit campaigns (see Chapter 14, Section 14.2) and the imposition of (and subsequent frequent increases in)117 franchise fees on sales of tobacco products in each Australian state and territory–see Chapter 13, Section 13.2. The rapid spread of smokefree policies in workplaces and hospitality venues must have contributed substantially to declines in consumption over this period–see Chapter 15.

Changes in the proportion of people in the population who regularly smoke

There is strong evidence that the introduction of118–120 and increases in funding for120 social marketing campaigns have contributed to reductions in the proportion of people who smoke in Australia. Analysis of monthly changes in smoking prevalence between 1995 and 2006 indicates that increases in the price of tobacco products have been the most significant policy factor driving reductions in smoking prevalence with increases in exposure to mass media campaigns also playing a significant role.121

Changes in the amounts smoked by regular smokers

While per capita consumption was flat during the 1970s and declined during the 1980s–and while it is known that the proportion of the population regularly smoking declined between 1976 and 1992 (see Chapter 1, Section 1.3)–there is evidence that consumption by (remaining) regular smokers increased quite markedly over this period. Edition two of Facts and Issues122 included estimates of the average annual numbers of cigarettes consumed for 1945, 1964 and three-yearly from 1983 to 1992 (years in which survey data provided estimates of the numbers of regular smokers in Australia)i. Using limited data available on average weights of cigarettes in each of the years, it was estimated that the number of cigarettes consumed per adult, per day, increased from about three per day in 1945 to 17 in 1964 to about 27 in 1992.ii

Increased consumption per smoker during the 1970s and 1980s was thought to be attributable to:

  • earlier average age of uptake than in previous decades, and consequently heavier lifetime use, particularly among women
  • lower nicotine levels in cigarettes corresponding with greater market demand for cigarettes labeled 'low tar' and thought to be less dangerous, compelling smokers to smoke more cigarettes to maintain blood nicotine levels similar to those they became used to before switching to lower-tar brands
  • the growing trend to smaller, lighter cigarettes, which were faster to smoke
  • the shift to larger and larger pack sizes, which resulted in cheaper cigarettes and additional increased consumption among those smokers who tend to calibrate the number of cigarettes they smoke to take account of the number they have left in the pack.

Self-report data show a sharp decline in the number of cigarettes smoked per day between 1989 and 1992 and a more gradual decline between 1992 and 1998. This pattern of change is consistent with the very large increase in the adoption of smokefree workplaces following the release of a judgment in a major legal case about the health effects of secondhand smoke in February 1991–see Chapter 16, Section 16.2.2 and the subsequent increases in adoption of smokefree homes–see Chapter 15, Sections 15.4 and 15.6. Adoption of smokefree policies has been firmly associated with declines in tobacco consumption by individual smokers in numerous studies both in Australia123 and internationally124 and has been associated with profound declines in most social groups of the acceptability of smoking around others.

2.10.1.4 Trends in consumption during the 2000s

The large decline in consumption between 1998 and 2001 resulted from the reduction in both the proportion of people smoking and the amount smoked per smoker following the National Tobacco Campaign and reform of taxes on tobacco products resulting in large increase in the price of budget brands–see Chapter 13, Section 13.5.

Figure 2.10.2 indicates a continuing though somewhat flatter rate of decline in per capita consumption over the 2000s corresponding with the continued decline in the prevalence of smoking since 2001 (see Chapter 1, Section 1.3); the fall between 2001 and 2004 in reported consumption by remaining smokers (see Section 2.3.1) is likely to be in response to extension of smokefree policies throughout the hospitality industry (see Chapter 15, Section 15.4, 15.5 and 15.7).

2.10.2 Factors affecting trends in tobacco consumption over the last century

As is evident in the discussion above, factors that drive changes over time in the proportion of people smoking regularly and the amount smoked by regular smokers include:

  • demographic trends
  • characteristics of smokers
  • marketing practices of tobacco companies
  • the affordability of tobacco products
  • policies and programs adopted and funded by governments
  • social and cultural factors.

2.10.2.1 Policy effects on tobacco consumption

Apart from increasing taxes and social marketing campaigns, which have been demonstrated to reduce the prevalence of smoking,120 and smokefree policies demonstrated to reduce consumption by remaining smokers,124 it seems highly likely that many other tobacco-control initiatives have also contributed to declining tobacco consumption, albeit in ways that are difficult to detect125,126 in standard economic analysis.121 Consumer information on tobacco products (health warnings) can be undermined by increased attention to colour and branding as part of pack design. However there is evidence that strengthened warnings are more prominent to teenagers127 and that pictorial warnings have increased knowledge about the health effects of smoking and reduced positive feelings about tobacco products.128 Laws that have substantially reduced sales to minors also appeared to have contributed to declines in teenage smoking both in Australia129,130 and other countries131,132 The effects on per capitaconsumption of measures such as tightening of access laws and strengthening of health warnings that mainly affect young people would not be detectable in total consumption patterns immediately following implementation but are likely to exert an effect, the strength of which would increase gradually over time, as people born after 1980 make up an increasingly larger proportion of the Australian population.

Studies on the impacts of policies on the prevalence of smoking in Australia have so far not been able to detect an effect at the population level of deregulation of nicotine replacement therapies and the subsidy of other treatments for tobacco dependence in Australia.120 Such therapies have all been established to increase success rates of quitters in clinical trials.133–135 The subsidy of such medicines has most certainly increased their use in Australia since 2001–see Chapter 7, Section 7.16–and could well have increased the frequency with which doctors have advised patients to quit. Controlling for the tendency of more heavily dependent smokers to use such medications, there is some evidence that NRT has increased quit rates in real world as well as in clinical settings.136,137 While the effects of increasing success rates among quitters is quite small and would be difficult to detect in population surveys138 it is plausible that policies that have contributed to greater use of anti-smoking medicines in Australia are also exerting a downward effect on population prevalence and consumption by decreasing the numbers of smokers who relapse following quit attempts.

Researchers have not found a way to quantify precisely the contribution of each of the policy factors highlighted in Figure 2.10.3, however it is probable that these would have all contributed in some way–either directly or indirectly, in the longer if not the short term–by having:

  • reduced the glamour and appeal of tobacco products
  • increased knowledge about health effects
  • reduced cues or opportunities to smoke
  • reduced the social acceptability of smoking
  • reduced withdrawal symptoms during quitting, or
  • increased smokers' knowledge about how to manage the quitting process.

In combination, all these factors would likely have made some contribution to reducing motivation to smoke and creating an environment that supports non-smoking.

 

Figure 2.10.3

Figure 2.10.3
Major developments in tobacco control versus tobacco products dutied for sale per person 15 years and over, Australia, 1906 to 2009–10 (grams)

Sources:

Prices:

NSW Retail Tobacco Traders Association. Cigarette price lists. The Australian Retail Tobacconist139

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on excise clearances
i. Excise reports: comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1907–1912 (calendar years),13 1911 to 1918–19,14 1919–20 to 1928–29,15 1929–30 to 1938–39,16 1939–40 to 1948–49,17 1949–50 to 1953–54,18 1954–55 to 1958–59,19 1958–59 to 1962–6320
ii. Overseas trade bulletins: quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid, 1963–64 to 1967–68,21 1967–68 to 1972–73 and 1972–73 to 1976–7723

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on excise clearances
i. Excise reports: comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1907–1912 (calendar years),13 1911 to 1918–19,14 1919–20 to 1928–29,15 1929–30 to 1938–39,16
ii. Excise reports: Quantity of spirits, beer, tobacco etc on which duty was paid in the years 1939–40 to 1948–49,17 1949–50 to 1953–54,18 1954–55 to 1958–59,19 1958–59 to 1962–6320
iii. Overseas trade bulletins: quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid, 1963–64 to 1967–68,21 1968–69 to 1972–7322 and 1972–73 to 1976–7723

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data on excise clearances

iv. Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1973–74 to 1986–8724–33
v. Excise data for Australian tobacco products supplied to author by John Broweleit, ABS, for July 1977 to June 1981, 1981 to 1988 and 1988 to 1993 on 2 February 1995 and for July 1993 to June 1994 on 2 December 1994
vi. Excise data (month-by-month) for Australian tobacco products since 1994, supplied to author by International Trade Section, ABS, 14 August 1997,13 March 1998 and monthly by electronic subscriptionbetween 1998 and 200334

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

vii. Excise receipts supplied by Australian Taxation Office to AIHW for Drug use in Australia 200635 and 201012

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on customs clearances
a. Annual statement of the trade of the Commonwealth of Australia, general imports–Australia, 1903,36 190437 and 190538
b. Trade and customs and excise revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia, Imports–Australia, 190639 to 191340-45 and 1914–15 to 1920–2146-52
c. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian statistics of oversea imports and exports and customs and excise revenue, Imports–Australia, 1920–21 and 1921–2253 through1922–23 and 1923–24 to 1936–37 to 1937–3854–69
d. Overseas trade and customs and excise revenue, Imports–Australia, 1937–38 and 1938–39 to 1948–49 and 1949–5070-82
e. Overseas Trade Statistics: imports Cleared for Home Consumption–Australia 1950–51 to1958–5983-90
f. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletins, 1959–60 to 1972–7391-104

Australian Bureau of Statistics data on customs duty

g. Imports cleared for home consumption, 1973–74 to 1977–78105-109
h . Imports cleared for home consumption –Australia 1978–79 to 1980–81110–112

i. International Trade Branch, Import clearance data for Australian tobacco products, 1981–82 to 1987–88, and 1988–89 to 1993–94 supplied to author by John Broweleit, ABS, 2 December 1994 and 2 February 1995
j. Annual customs data from 1995 supplied on request to author by ABS Information service on 1st August 2007

Notes on excise and customs duty

Figures before 1966 were recorded in imperial weights but have been converted to kilograms in this table.

It should be noted that excise data on roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco products was for many years compiled from at least two different product codes. Pipe tobacco and chewing tobacco appear to have been coded together with RYO over some periods of time and separately in others. In many years, some pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco and even possibly RYO tobacco may have been incorrectly coded to one or more 'other' (miscellaneous) codes (letter to author from P Holt, Australian Customs Service, clarifying coding of RYO tobacco products, 11 October 1996). It is therefore not possible to be confident about historical data for individual product types.

Suggested citation for those reproducing this table

Scollo M. Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption. In: Scollo M and Winstanley M, eds. Tobacco in Australia, facts and issues. Melbourne, Australia: Cancer Council Victoria, 2012. Figure 2.10.3, Tobacco products levied for duty for sale in Australia (total excise and customs): cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, 1910 to 1998–99 (millions of kilograms). Produced using data in historical publications published by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, publications produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and data provided by the ABS. See Section 2.10

2.10.2.2 Effects of cultural and social forces on tobacco consumption

Government policies are not the only factors that influence smoking attitudes and behaviours.140

Seeing other people smoking, whether in real life, on TV, in magazines or in movies, can prompt smokers to light up141, 142 and is likely to make smoking seem more normal and acceptable to children. Portrayal of glamorous women and women enjoying new-found independence smoking factory-made cigarettes in Hollywood movies must have been a particularly powerful influence on the uptake of smoking among young women in the inter-war period–see Chapter 5, Section 5.16 for further discussion.

Pierce has demonstrated a measurable effect of print media coverage about the health risks of smoking on cessation rates in the US.143 Media coverage about health risks appeared on several occasions during the 1950s and 1960s to exert a detectable effect on per capita consumption in Australia. These effects no doubt continued during the following four decades, with continuing high levels of media interest in the smoking issue in this country.144, 145

Humans are highly social animals, and peer example also exerts powerful effects. Children are much more likely to take up smoking if their parents or peers are smokers,146,147 and adults are much more likely to quit over time if family and friends have quit.148 Thus, changes in behavior by small numbers of individuals can quickly result in changes across much larger groups in the manner of a contagious disease quickly becoming an epidemic.148

Apart from social modeling of smoking and awareness of the health effects, decisions about uptake and quitting and about where and when to smoke are also profoundly influenced by the social acceptability of smoking. Alamar and Glantz computed a social unacceptability index based on individuals' responses to questions regarding locations where smoking should be allowed. A regression analysis showed that the social unacceptability index and price had similar elasticities and that their effects were independent of each other. The researchers estimated that if, through an active tobacco-control campaign, the average individual's views on the social unacceptability of smoking changed to more closely resemble the views of California residents, there would have been a 15% drop in cigarette consumption, equivalent to a US$1.17 increase in the excise tax on cigarettes.149

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i See Table 2.3, p 25.

ii The total number of cigarettes consumed in Australia was estimated from the total weight of tobacco excised divided by an estimate of the average weight of cigarettes in that year. (The average weight for some years was based on information from the Australian Customs Service. In later years it was based on data from a study conducted by the Australian Government Analytical Laboratory, which weighed a very large number of cigarettes.) The total number of Australians who smoked was estimated from population statistics and data from surveys conducted by the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria. Self-report data between 1980 and 1989 also suggested an increase in numbers of cigarettes smoked per (remaining) smoker–see Section 2.3.1 and Figure 2.10.1.

References

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2. Hill D and Gray N. Australian patterns of smoking and related health beliefs in 1983. Community Health Studies 1984;8:307-16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6518750

3. Hill D. Australian patterns of tobacco smoking in 1986. Medical Journal of Australia 1988;149:6-10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3386578

4. Hill DJ, White VM and Gray NJ. Measures of tobacco smoking in Australia 1974-1986 by means of a standard method. Medical Journal of Australia 1988;149(1):10-12. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3386561

5. Hill D, White V and Gray N. Australian patterns of tobacco smoking in 1989. Medical Journal of Australia 1991;154(12):797-801. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2041504

6. Hill D and White V. Australian adult smoking prevalence in 1992. Australian Journal of Public Health 1995;19:305-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7626682

7. Hill DJ, White VM and Scollo MM. Smoking behaviours of Australian adults in 1995: trends and concerns. Medical Journal of Australia 1998;168:209-13. Available from: https://www.mja.com.au/journal/1998/168/5/smoking-behaviours-australian-adults-1995-trends-and-concerns

8. White V, Hill D, Siahpush M and Bobevski I. How has the prevalence of cigarette smoking changed among Australian adults? Trends in smoking prevalence between 1980 and 2001. Tobacco Control 2003;12(suppl. 2):ii67-ii74. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/12/suppl_2/ii67

9. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2001 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 11, AIHW cat. no. PHE 41. Canberra: AIHW, 2002. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol-other-drug-treatment-services/2001-ndshs-detailed-findings/contents/table-of-contents

10. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug strategy series no.16, AIHW cat. no. PHE 66. Canberra: AIHW, 2005. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol-other-drug-treatment-services/2004-ndshs-detailed-findings/contents/table-of-contents

11. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 22, AIHW cat. no. PHE 107. Canberra: AIHW, 2008. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/2007-nhsds-detailed-findings/contents/table-of-contents

12. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: survey report. Drug statistics series no. 25, AIHW cat. no. PHE 145. Canberra: AIHW, 2011. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=32212254712&libID=32212254712&tab=2

13. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Excise 1907–12.Table XXXIII Comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1907–1912 (calendar years) p 629. Melbourne, CBCS, 1913. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

14. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Excise 1911 to 1918–19.Table XXXII Comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1911 to 1918-19. p 604. Melbourne, CBCS, 1920. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

15. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue; Excise 1919–20 to 1928-29.Table XXXIV Comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1919–20 to 1928-29. p 838. Canberra, CBCS, 1930. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

16. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue; Excise 1929–30 to 1938-39.Table XXXII Comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1929–30 to 1938-39. p 723. Canberra, CBCS, 1940. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

17. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Excise 1939-40 to 1948–49.Table XXXIV Quantity of spirits, beer, petrol, tobacco etc on which excise duty was paid in Australia during the years 1939-40 to 1948–49. p 998. Canberra, ABS, 1950. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

18. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade, Excise 1949-50 to 1953–54; Table XXXIX Comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer, tobacco, petrol etc on which excise duty was paid and the Gross Excise Duty paid during the years 1949-50 to 1953–54. p 572. Canberra, CBCS, 1955. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09

19. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade, Excise 1954-55 to 1958–59; Table 31 Quantity of spirits, beer, tobacco, petrol etc on which excise duty was paid and the Gross Excise Duty paid during the years 1954-55 to 1958–59. p not copied. Canberra, CBCS, 1960. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09

20. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade, Excise 1958-59 to 1962–63; Table 33 Quantity of spirits, beer, tobacco, petrol etc on which excise duty was paid and the Gross Excise Duty Paid during the years 1958-59 to 1962–63. p 793. Canberra, CBCS, 1965. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09

21. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas Trade; Table no 35 Quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid and the gross excise paid, 1963-64 to 1967–68. p 1050. Canberra, CBCS, 1970. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09

22. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas Trade; Table no 32 Quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid and the gross excise paid, 1968-69 to 1972–73. p 632. Canberra, ABS, 1975. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09

23. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 78 7535.5 Overseas Trade; Table 22 Quantities on which duty was paid and the gross excise duty paid by item, 1972–73 to 1976–77. 112. Canberra, ABS, 1979. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/86297695c3fb9c514b2562ea001374a0

24. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 7 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1977–78. p 32. Canberra, ABS, 1980. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351

25. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 8 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1978–79. p 33. Canberra, ABS, 1981. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351

26. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1979–80. p 21. Canberra, ABS, 1982. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351

27. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1980–81. p 21. Canberra, ABS, 1983. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351

28. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1981–82. p 23. Canberra, ABS, 1984. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351

29. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 7 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1982–83. p 24. Canberra, ABS, 1985. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351

30. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1983–84. p 24. Canberra, ABS, 1986. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351

31. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1984–85. p 23. Canberra, ABS, 1987. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351

32. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1985–86. p 23. Canberra, ABS, 1988. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351

33. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 5 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1986–87. p 22. Canberra, ABS, 1989. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351

34. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Monthly tobacco excise receipts, unpublished data. Electronic files provided to Michelle Scollo of The Cancer Council Victoria, 1996 to 2003.

35. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Statistics on drug use in Australia 2006. Drug statistics series no. 18, cat. no. PHE 80W. Canberra: AIHW, 2007. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol-other-drug-treatment-services/statistics-drug-use-australia-2006/formats

36. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Annual Statement of the Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table III General imports, 1903 - Australia. p 119-20. Melbourne, CBCS, 1904. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/75e723dab2d300b94b2562ea000fa2bc

37. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Annual Statement of the Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table V General imports, 1904 - Australia. p 118-20. Melbourne, CBCS, 1905. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/75e723dab2d300b94b2562ea000fa2bc

38. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Annual Statement of the Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table IX. General imports, 1905 - Australia. p 132-33. Melbourne, CBCS, 1906. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/75e723dab2d300b94b2562ea000fa2bc

39. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table IX. Imports, 1906 - Australia. p 125-6. Melbourne, CBCS, 1907. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

40. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1907 - Australia. p 147-8. Melbourne, CBCS, 1908. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

41. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1908 - Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1909. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

42. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1909 - Australia. p 72-76. Melbourne, CBCS, 1910. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

43. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1911 - Australia. p 62-5. Melbourne, CBCS, 1912. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

44. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1912 - Australia. p 62. Melbourne, CBCS, 1913. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

45. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1913 - Australia. p 61-3. Melbourne, CBCS, 1914. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

46. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1914-15 - Australia. p 60-2. Melbourne, CBCS, 1916. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

47. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1915-16 - Australia. p 60-2. Melbourne, CBCS, 1917. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

48. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1916-17 - Australia. p 58-60. Melbourne, CBCS, 1918. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

49. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1917-18 - Australia. p 56-7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1919. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

50. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1918-19 - Australia. p 53-4. Melbourne, CBCS, 1920. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

51. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1919-20 - Australia. p 54-6. Melbourne, CBCS, 1921. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

52. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1920-21 - Australia. p 55-7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1922. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46

53. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1920-21 and 1921-22 - Australia. p 56-8. Melbourne, CBCS, 1923. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

54. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1921-22 and 1922-23 - Australia. p 70-1. Melbourne, CBCS, 1924. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

55. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1922-23 and 1923-24 - Australia. p 65-7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1925. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

56. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1923-24 and 1924-25 - Australia. p 67-9. Melbourne, CBCS, 1926. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

57. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1924-25 and 1925-26 - Australia. p 67-9. Melbourne, CBCS, 1927. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

58. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1925-26 and 1926-27 - Australia. p 241-3. Melbourne, CBCS, 1928. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

59. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1926-27 and 1927-28 - Australia. p242-4. Canberra, CBCS, 1929. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

60. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1927-28 and 1928-29 - Australia. p 235-7. Canberra, CBCS, 1930. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

61. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1928-29 and 1929-30 Australia. p 196-8. Canberra, CBCS, 1931. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

62. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1929-30 and 1930-31 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1932. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

63. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1930-31 and 1931-32 - Australia. p156-7. Canberra, CBCS, 1933. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

64. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1931-32 and 1932-33 - Australia. p 150-1. Canberra, CBCS, 1934. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

65. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1932-33 and 1933-34 - Australia. p 160-1. Canberra, CBCS, 1935. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

66. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1933-34 and 1934-35 - Australia. p170-1. Canberra, CBCS, 1936. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

67. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1934-35 and 1935-36 - Australia. p 167-9. Canberra, CBCS, 1937. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

68. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1935-36 and 1936-37 - Australia. p 176-8. Canberra, CBCS, 1938. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19

69. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1936-37 and 1937-38 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1939. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

70. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1937-38 and 1938-39 - Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1940. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

71. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1938-39 and 1939-40 - Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1941. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

72. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1939-40 and 1940-41 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1942. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

73. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1941-42 - Australia. p182-5. Canberra, CBCS, 1943. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

74. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1942-43 - Australia. p 152-3. Canberra, CBCS, 1944. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

75. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1943-44 - Australia. p 152-3. Canberra, CBCS, 1945. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

76. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1944-45 - Australia. p154-6. Canberra, CBCS, 1946. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

77. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1945-46 - Australia. p 292-3. Canberra, CBCS, 1947. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

78. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1945-46 and 1946-47 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1948. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

79. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1946-47 and 1947-48 - Australia. p 358-60. Canberra, CBCS, 1949. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

80. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table IV. Imports, 1947-48 and 1948-49 - Australia. p 338-40. Canberra, CBCS, 1950. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

81. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade; Table IV. Imports, 1948-49 and 1949-50 - Australia. p343-5. Canberra, CBCS, 1951. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e

82. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade; Table IV. Imports, 1949-50 and 1950-51- Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1952. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09

83. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1951-52; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1953. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a

84. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1952-53; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1954. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a

85. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1953-54; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1955. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a

86. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1954-55; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1956. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a

87. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1955-56; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1957. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a

88. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1956-57; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1958. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a

89. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1957-58; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1959. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a

90. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1958-59; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1960. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a

91. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1959-60; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1961. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a

92. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1960-61; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1962. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a

93. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1961-62; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1963. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a

94. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1962-63; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1964. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a

95. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1963-64; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1965. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a

96. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1964-65; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1966. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a

97. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1965-66; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1967. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a

98. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1966-67; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1968. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a

99. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1967-68; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1969. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a

100. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1968-69; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1970. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a

101. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1969-70; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1971. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a

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