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3.9 Increased susceptibility to infection in smokers
Foreword

Relevant news and research: Increased susceptibility to infection in smokers

Ainsworth, J. and Pillai, S. (2025). Impact of Smoking and Deprivation in Patients Admitted With Severe COVID-19 Infection to ICU: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis, 2029135. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41221128


Fonte, A., Cunha-Silva, M., Rondon, M., Santos, C. R. D., Hara, N. H. and Nagasako, C. K. (2025). Smoking Impacts Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: Results from a Brazilian University Hospital. Arq Gastroenterol, e25059. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41172432


Youssef, N., Abdellatif, M., Omar, A., Abdel Mageed, M., Essmat, A., Abdul Mawla, N., Ahmed, H., Assem, A., Abualkasem, T., Darwish, A., Abd ElRazek, H., Arfa, M., Beshir, A., Youssef, I., Gouda, N., Salem, R., Safwat, O., Elmahdy, H., Hassan, M., Ahmed, F., Metwally, A., Abdelrahman, M., Gerges, M., Ali, A. R., Roushdy, A., Ahmed, W. and Abdelmoniem, S. (2025). Impact of Dyslipidemia, Cardiovascular Disease, Smoking, and Stroke Type by Brain Imaging on Pneumonia Risk in ICU Stroke Patients: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Clin Ter, 6, 810-817. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41267601


Adebisi, Y. A., Ogunkola, I. O., Jimoh, N. D., Alshahrani, N. Z., Shomuyiwa, D. O., Alaran, A. J. and Lucero-Prisno, D. E., 3rd (2025). Tobacco smoking and the risk of Long COVID: a prospective cohort study with mediation analysis. J Epidemiol Popul Health, 5, 203142. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41101103


Balsara, K., Kotharkar, V., Galiatsatos, P. and Kanarek, N. (2025). Disruption and recovery in physical and mental health, body mass index and smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic: a trend analysis of US BRFSS data from 2016 to 2022. BMJ Public Health, 2, e002765. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41040506


Chen, R., Hui, K. P. Y., Nicholls, J. M., Ip, M. S. M., Peiris, M., Chan, M. C. W. and Mak, J. C. W. (2025). Cigarette Smoke Deteriorates SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Induced Lung Injury. J Med Virol, 11, e70671. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41165548


Dan, D., Lei, Z., Xue, W. and Ze-Xin, L. (2025). Global, regional, and national burdens of MDR-TB attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021 with a prediction from 2022 to 2050. Front Public Health, 1634772. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41048305


Xiang, W., Shi, N., Luo, Z., Chen, F., Luo, S., Ren, Y., Li, J., Bin, X., He, G., Yi, X., Xia, W. and Tang, A. (2025). Genetic and molecular assessment of the relationship between smoking and EBV reactivation: A two-sample Mendelian randomization and in-vitro experimental study. Sci Prog, 4, 368504251392601. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41160442


Alabbas, M., Shi, J., Guo, Y., Wu, H., Oshobu, I., Castano, M., Mahmoud, W., Sengupta, S. and Sims, O. T. (2025). Prevalence and Trends in Active Smoking Among Adults Living with HCV in the U.S. over the Last Decade: A Population-Level Analysis. J Clin Med, 18. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41010876


Jang, J. G., Kim, Y., Lee, J. K., Park, H. Y., Park, D. I., Ra, S. W., Kim, H. K., Lee, M. G., Park, Y. B. and Yoo, K. H. (2025). Clinical Characteristics of Individuals with COPD, Pre-COPD, Smokers with Normal Lung Function in Korea: Updated Analysis of the KOCOSS Cohort. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40926396


Romo, M. L., LaHood, A., Stagg, H. R., Mitnick, C. D., Trevisi, L., Hewison, C., Padayachee, S., Flores, E. H., Oyewusi, L., Khan, P. Y., Huerga, H., Bastard, M., Rich, M. L., Tefera, G. B., Rashitov, M., Kirakosyan, O., Krisnanda, A., Toktogonova, A., Siddiqui, M. R., Gomez-Restrepo, C., Kotrikadze, T., Franke, M. F. and end, T. B. O. S. T. (2025). Effect of smoking on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes and exploring potential pathways: A multicountry cohort study. medRxiv. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40894162


Satre, D. D., Sarovar, V., Levine, T., Alexeeff, S., Lea, A., Sterling, S. A., Justice, A. C., Guest, J. L., Sterne, J. A. C., Ingle, S. M., Trickey, A., Cavassini, M., Saag, M. S., Crane, H. M., Girardi, E., Jarrin, I., Gill, M. J., Wittkop, L., van der Valk, M., Kouyos, R. D., Zangerle, R. and Silverberg, M. J. (2025). The relationship of smoking and unhealthy alcohol use to HIV care retention and viral suppression: findings from a multi-site cohort study. AIDS. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40905673


Zhou, X., Aihemaiti, A., Cheng, A., Liu, Z., Su, Z., Xie, Y., Huang, Z., Zhao, L., Xia, X., Liu, Y., Song, Q., Xiao, D. and Wang, C. (2025). Association between long-term smoking cessation and COVID-19 outcomes: Findings from a nationwide crosssectional online survey in China. Tob Induc Dis. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41019460


Arpa, M., Sen, B., Kazancioglu, L. and Kilic, H. (2025). Assessment of smoking exposure by urine cotinine levels in severe COVID-19 patients: a case-control study. Sci Rep, 1, 31696. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40877593


Zhang, Y., Li, L., Sheng, Z. K., Rao, Y. F., Zhu, X., Pang, Y., Gao, M. Q., Gai, X. Y. and Sun, Y. C. (2025). Increased Tertiary Lymphoid Structures are Associated with Exaggerated Lung Tissue Damage in Smokers with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Biomed Environ Sci, 7, 810-818. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40820247


Zhao, G., Wu, Y., Song, C., Sun, Y., Zang, S., Tian, F., Gao, Z., Zhang, C. and Wang, X. (2025). Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis due to smoking, 1990-2021: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study. Front Immunol, 1624090. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40787439


Alarabi, A. B., Alshbool, F. Z. and Khasawneh, F. T. (2025). Impact of smoking on the complement system: a narrative review. Front Immunol, 1619835. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40612949


Bellanca, C. M., Polosa, S. P., Augello, E., Di Benedetto, G., Burgaletto, C., Cantone, A. F., Gaudio, G., Nunnari, G., Campagna, D., Nailes, J. M., Shahbaz, H., Tanuwihardja, R. K., Mohan, A., Ceccarelli, M., Bernardini, R., Marino, A. and Cantarella, G. (2025). A scoping review about smoking, smoking cessation and their effects on anti-tuberculosis agents: insights into drug metabolisms, safety, and effectiveness. Front Pharmacol, 1606150. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40741006


Chun, H. R., Fong, G. T., Gravely, S., Xu, S. S., Quah, A. C. K., Kang, H., Yoon, W., Seo, H. G., Kim, Y., Lee, S., Kim, G. Y., Kang, C. B., Lim, S., Yan, M. and Cho, S. I. (2025). An examination of the relationship between perceptions that cigarette smoking increases the severity of COVID-19 and reduction in smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from the 2021 ITC Korea Survey. Tob Induc Dis. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40607333


Heshmati, B., Omidi, S. and Mohammadi, Y. (2025). Impact of alcohol consumption, substance use, and smoking on treatment outcomes in tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev, 1, 139. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40618124


Lin, B., Ma, H., Lin, Y., Lin, T., Han, X., Lin, M. and Gao, H. (2025). Ascertaining the association between smoking behaviors and viral hepatitis risk: A Mendelian randomization approach. Tob Induc Dis. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40735364


Sandhar, B., Vyas, V., Harding, D., Ragazzini, R., Bonfanti, P., Marelli-Berg, F. M., Bell, C. G., Chain, B. M. and Longhi, M. P. (2025). Heterogeneity of thymic output in the elderly and its association with sex and smoking. JCI Insight. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40591412


Khanna, N., Kwan, C. S., Klyushnenkova, E. N., Dark, M. B. and Deepak, J. (2025). Hospital Utilization in Ambulatory Patients With COVID-19 With History of Tobacco Use. AJPM Focus, 4, 100352. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40511319


Massen, G. M. and Whittaker, H. (2025). Smoke and mirrors: uncovering sex differences in COPD. Thorax. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40461134


Guo, Y., Chen, H., Wu, S., Zhou, J. and Chen, Z. (2025). Causal Inference of Different Smoke Exposure Statuses and Influenza Risk: Insights From a Mendelian Randomization Study. Clin Respir J, 5, e70083. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40364530


Saadat, M. (2025). Impact of Smoking on SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Outcomes, An Evidence from Enrichment Analysis of Genes Associated with COVID-19 Susceptibility and Outcomes. Balkan Med J. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40331517


Tseng, Y. C., Ho, C. Y., Wang, Y. C., Chin, S. C. and Chen, S. L. (2025). Comprehensive analysis of smoking as a risk factor and its prognostic implications in patients with deep neck infections. Am J Otolaryngol, 4, 104669. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40339211


Cleiman, M. and Bar-Zeev, Y. (2025). Association between smoking status and changes in health behaviours during the COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-sectional study in Israel. BMJ Open, 4, e084651. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40180391


Debnath, A., Nath, R., Mondal, A., Nathe, P. C., Kishore, J., Ish, P., Rathi, V. and Kaur, J. (2025). Prevalence of tobacco consumption among pulmonary tuberculosis patients and its correlation with tuberculosis incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis in the Indian context. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40197685


Izudi, J., Nasuuna, E. M., Appeli, S. and Bajunirwe, F. (2025). Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on smoking, alcohol consumption, and substance use in persons aged 15 years and older in Uganda. Sci Rep, 1, 14817. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40295868


Luo, Y., Yang, X. and Wang, Y. (2025). The causal relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, and sepsis: A 2-sample mendelian randomized study. Medicine (Baltimore), 15, e42102. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40228245


Agraval, H., Gao, J., Schaunaman, N., Hua, H., Vandivier, R. W., Numata, M., Day, B. J. and Chu, H. W. (2025). Toll-Interacting Protein Down-Regulation by Cigarette Smoke Exposure Impairs Human Lung Defense against Influenza A Virus Infection. Am J Pathol. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40056974


Cool, T., Baena, A. R. Y., Rommel, M., Mattingly, C., Bachinsky, E., Saini, S., Chattopadhyaya, S., Manso, B. A., Rajendiran, S., Worthington, A. K., Poscablo, D. M., Deguzman, A., Berger-Cahn, T., Boyd, D. F. and Forsberg, E. C. (2025). Perinatal Nicotine Exposure Disrupts Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development and Elevates Influenza Susceptibility in Adulthood. bioRxiv. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40060466


Freire, A., Foch, E., Medina, B. A. S., Uzeloto, J. S., Leite, M. R., de Alencar Silva, B. S., Okoshi, M. P. and Pacagnelli, F. L. (2025). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tobacco product consumption and behavioral patterns from a low-middle income country perspective: A qualitative study. Tob Prev Cessat. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40078935


Rossato, M. and Di Vincenzo, A. (2025). Comments on "Smoking patterns and outcomes of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study". Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40047240


Fakhar, M., Hosseininejad, Z., Sharifpour, A., Hosseini, F. Z. and Zakariaei, Z. (2025). Low occurrence of pulmonary lophomoniasis among cigarette smokers: An analysis of risk factors based on registry data. Lung India, 2, 109-114. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40013629


Feldman, C. and Anderson, R. (2025). Smoking, Alcohol Use, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolic Syndrome as Risk Factors for Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Clin Chest Med, 1, 93-104. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39890295


Fuster, D., So-Armah, K., Cheng, D. M., Blokhina, E., Patts, G., Lioznov, D., Gnatienko, N., Long, M. T., Freiberg, M. S., Tindle, H. and Samet, J. H. (2025). Is There an Association Between Cigarette Smoking and Advanced Liver Fibrosis in Smokers with HIV, Heavy Drinking and High Prevalence of HCV?. J Clin Med, 4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40004700


Orlinick, B. L. and Farhadian, S. F. (2025). HIV, smoking, and the brain: a convergence of neurotoxicities. AIDS Res Ther, 1, 13. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39915881


Beronja, B., Karan, A., Lukic, B., Milosevic, I., Dotlic, J. and Gazibara, T. (2025). Smoking patterns and outcomes of severe sars-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39834219


Brody, A. L., Mischel, A. K., Sanavi, A. Y., Wong, A., Bahn, J. H., Minassian, A., Morgan, E. E., Rana, B., Hoh, C. K., Vera, D. R., Kotta, K. K., Miranda, A. H., Pocuca, N., Walter, T. J., Guggino, N., Beverly-Aylwin, R., Meyer, J. H., Vasdev, N. and Young, J. W. (2025). Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced neuroinflammation and better cognitive control in people living with HIV. Neuropsychopharmacology. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39741198


Hoffmann, M., Hille, S., Fazel, A., Laudien, M., Wiegand, S., Muller, M., Muller, O. J. and Quabius, E. S. (2024). Mechanistic insights into HPV-positivity in non-smokers and HPV-negativity in smokers with head and neck cancer. Front Oncol, 1484319. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39850816


Milad, N., Belisario, K., MacKillop, J. and Hirota, J. A. (2024). Dried Cannabis Use, Tobacco Smoking, and COVID-19 Infection: Findings from a Longitudinal Observational Cohort Study. Cannabis, 3, 177-192. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39781558


Prathiksha, G., Newtonraj, A., Thiruvengadam, K., Frederick, A. and Selvaraju, S. (2025). TB prevalence is higher among smokers. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 1, 29-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39754282


Williams, D. M., Lu, M., Weber, A. M., Cook, D. M., Wang, L. and Yang, W. (2025). Smoking and Risks Contributing to COVID-19 Hospitalization in Washoe County, Nevada, 2020-2021. J Public Health Manag Pract. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39837289


Fernandez-Pedruelo, D., Juarez-Vela, R., Ruiz de Vinaspre-Hernandez, R., Alonso-Alonso, J., Criado-Gutierrez, J. M. and Sancho-Sanchez, C. (2024). Influence of smoking and obesity on post-COVID-19 sequelae and risk of hospitalization. Front Med (Lausanne), 1499239. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39703524


Haidar, L., Balteanu, M. A., Georgescu, M., Draghici, G. A., Laza, E. A., Serb, A. F. and Cioboata, R. (2024). Smoking and Health Profiles of Hypertensive Patients with COVID-19: An Exploratory Study of Key Physiological Markers. J Clin Med, 23. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39685703


He, Z., Zheng, L., Chen, Z., Wen, J., Qin, F. and Mo, H. (2024). The causal association of smoking, alcohol intake, and coffee intake with the risk of bacterial pneumonia: A Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore), 50, e40702. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39686445


Sharifi, H., Fakharian, A., Mirenayat, M. S., Moradian, G., Karimzade, S., Tuyserkani, P., Zahiri, R., Akhtari, M., Rekabi, M., Nikpey, N. and Jamaati, H. (2024). The Association of Smoking and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Tanaffos, 1, 83-89. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39703442


Shinde, M., Dixit, S., Patel, M., Sharma, A., Satam, J., Patil, Y., Upadhyay, D., Chiwadshetti, S., Mathur, A., Rege, V., Kumari, A. and Seth, H. (2024). Relationship between smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis based on positive sputum smears. GMS Hyg Infect Control, Doc58. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39677011


Earlier news and research

For news items and research on this topic earlier than 2025, click here.

Intro
Chapter 2